PSYC 100 Exam 2

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sensitive periods

universal, easiest time to acquire certain skills

sensitive period: language acquisition

newborns can distinguish all phonemes, by year 1 they lose ability to distinguish phonemes in other languages

sensitive period: phonemes

150 phonemes at birth, no language has more than 70 phonemes

Study: bilingual speakers (Kim)

brain activation different parts due to age when 2nd language is learned

shibboleths

difficult words to pronounce if 2nd language is learned later

language deprivation examples

Wild Boy of Aveyron, Genie

Sensitive period: cultural acquisition

Immigrated before 15 years old positive correlation, immigrated 31-50 years negative correlation

Optimism bias

tendency to focus on positive aspects of self

bodily contact is desired in..

collectivistic cultures

face to face contact is desired in..

individualistic cultures

sleeping arrangements: co-sleeping

66% of 136 societies

morals principles for sleeping arrangements in the US

incest avoidance, married couple needs space, autonomy ideal

moral principles of sleeping arrangements in India

incest avoidance, protection of vulnerable, female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy

secure attachment (announces when they leave)

confident, explores, seeks mothers presence when she returns

avoidance attachment (leaves w/o notice)

little distress when mom leaves and avoids her on return

anxious-ambivalent attachment (comes and go as they please, multiple adults)

frequent distress when mother is present or absent

what attachment style does the US prefer

secure attachment; focus on independence

what attachment style does Germany prefer

avoidant attachment; early independence

what attachment style does Israel Kibbutz prefer

anxious-ambivalent attachment; independence from parents

what attachment style isn’t found in some cultures?

avoidant attachment (Japan and Dogon in West Africa)

Parenting styles dimensions: Demandingness

clear rules, monitors behaviors, parent-child dialogue

Parenting styles dimensions: Responsiveness

conveys affection, caring, emotional warmth

parenting style research limitations

western based, may not capture parenting styles in other cultures

Terrible twos

development milestone in west, resistance and oppositional behavior, important for autonomy and individuality, NOT universal

Adolescent rebellion

development milestone in west, risk-taking and delinquency, hormonal changes, not universal

communicate about objects in western cultures

objects described as separate from their environment

communicate about objects in non-western cultures

describe how objects are related to environment

how does formal education affect categorization

group by similar attributes

how does formal education affect cognitive processes

focus on abstract thinking and knowledge beyond direct experience, ability to create taxonomic categories

math performance study Stevenson Stinger

Asia had greater mean, US had bigger range, best US scores = worst Asia scores

Teaching Methods: US vs Asia

Asia has more days in a school year, uses more real world math, greater class time learning math, more math homework

parents expectations: US vs Asia

Asia views education as more important, Taiwan has more study desks in the home, US is more satisfied with child’s performance, Asia has higher achievement standards

Acculturation

attitudes and beliefs of host culture

enculturation

attitudes and beliefs of heritage culture

integration (pos/pos)

most successful, less prejudice, more social support (adopts acculturation and enculturation)

marginalization (neg/neg)

rare, less successful (rejects acculturation and enculturation)

separation (neg/pos)

rejects acculturation, adopts enculturation

assimilation (pos/neg)

adopts acculturation, rejects enculturation

Independent selves

separate from relationships, self concept is contained, identity stable and consistent, ingroup/outgroup is fluid and permeable

interdependent selves

overlaps with relationships, self concept defined by relationships, identity flexible/fluid, ingroup/outgroup is stable and impermeable

interdependent self and relationships

strong distinction between in vs out group, harder to form/maintain new relations, more distress when relationships end, high obligation to ingroup

independent self and relationships

weak distinction between in vs out group, easier to form/dissolve new relations, less distress when ends, low obligation to ingroup

Hofstede: Individualism/collectivism

80% of world is collectivistic

Highly individualistic countries

US, English speaking countries, western Europe

highly collectivistic countries

Latin American, Asia, Africa, Eastern/Southern Europe, South Pacific

highest collectivistic states in US

Hawaii, Utah, Confederate South

lowest collectivistic states in US

Mountain West, Great Plains, Northeast, Midwest

Higher social economic status

Iceland: higher individualism, US: higher independence, JPN: higher interdependence

high support of gender equality

Netherlands, Finland, Germany

low support of gender equality

India, Pakistan, Nigeria

higher gender equality

more Christians, countries north of equator, high individualism, higher urbanization

Cognitive Dissonance

mental discomfort from inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors

Rationalizing; emphasizing

Pos of selected choice and neg of rejecting alternative

Rationalizing; downplaying

neg of selected choice and pos of rejecting alternative

increased self consistency in the us predicts

higher well being and better social skills

self awareness

subjective (independent) and objective (interdependent)

subjective awareness

taking perspective of subject (focused out), less concern with others view

objective awareness

experiencing self as object (focused in), more concern with others view

generosity level

Individualistic; predicted > actual, collectivistic; predicted = actual

incremental theory

abilities malleable, focus on more effort and new strategies, interdependent selves

entity theory

abilities fixed, focus on lower effort and innate lack of ability, independent selves

Five Factor Model (The Big Five)

80% of personality; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Limits to Big Five

used English personality terms, WEIRD samples, other cultures yielded extra factors

Chinese personality scale

Dependability, Social Potency, Individualism, Interpersonal relatedness

Big Five factors: gender

women more open to feelings, men more open to ideas, men more C & E, women more A & N

Attraction: appealing faces

clear complexion, bilateral symmetry, average features, regular teeth

preference for mate: desirable

kindness, understanding, intelligence, exciting, healthy

preference for mate: indispensable

love, emotionally stable, dependable, good health, pleasing disposition

what do men prefer in potential mates?

younger, appearance, chastity

what do women prefer in potential mates?

finances, ambition, industrious, order

attractiveness: bodies

thin bodies idealized in western cultures, West Africa idealizes fatness

Propinquity effect

universal, more likely to be attracted to those we frequently meet

Mere exposure effect

more we exposed to stimulus, more we become attracted to it

similarity-attraction effect

more attracted to those like ourselves, not universal

4 basic elements of sociality

communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing

communal sharing

family-like, emphasizes common identity, everyone treated equally, resources pooled

authority ranking

military-like, ordered in linear, hierarchal, social dimension

equality matching

carpools, based on reciprocity and balance, ongoing, take turns, more non-western

market pricing

exchanges in marketplace, based in proportionality and ratios, benefits exchanged, occur at once, more in individualistic cultures

high relational mobility

flexible ties, opportunities for new relationships, few prior family and group opportunities, more western

low relational mobility

rigid tied, less opportunities for new relationships, many prior family and group opportunities, bound by commitments to others, non-western

Halo effect

the more physically attractive someone is the more positive or desirable they are considered

frequency of enemies

US 26%, Ghana 71%

higher RM cultures have less enemies

greater choice to pick ingroup, enemies can be avoided

lower RM cultures have more enemies

less choice to pick ingroup, enemies in ingroup

simpatico

maintain harmony and making expressive displays of graciousness, hospitality and congeniality

romantic love evolutionary theory

ensures children have resources and protection

romance is found in..

89% of cultures

Intimacy

emotional closeness, some non-western cultures have intimacy needs met by social networks, confiding in romantic partner essential in western cultures

passion

universal but not equally strong everywhere, kissing in western and Asian cultures, stronger passion partially emerges from high RM

commitment

stronger in East Asia or highly enculturated Asian Canadians, idealization more common in Canadians than japanese

divorce rates

correlated with individualism and higher RM

arranged marriages

more non-western, stronger in extended family cultures, marriage seen as intersection of 2 families not 2 individuals

research: love marriages

more individualistic cultures, higher idealization of romantic partners, stronger in nuclear family cultures

research: arranged marriages

successful, love develops over time

Japanese and Chinese men find more martial satisfaction in…

arranged marriages

Japanese and Chinese women find more martial satisfaction in…

love marriages