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Fascia
sheet of dense connective tissue that encloses a muscle
Aponeuroses
sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to muscle
Myofibrils
contractile fiber in muscle cells
Myosin
protein that with actin forms the filaments that interact to contract muscle fibers
Sarcomeres
structural and functional unit of a myofibril
Sacroplasmic reticulum
membranous network of channels and tubules of a muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells
Transverse tubules
membranous channel that extends inward form a muscle fiber membrane
Motor neurons
neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector
Synapse
functional connection between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron or the membrane of another cell type
Neurotransmitters
chemical that an axon secretes that stimulates or inhibits an effector or other neuron
Neuro-muscular junction
synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
Motor end plate
specialized part of a muscle fiber membrane that a neuron muscle junction
Actin
protein in a muscle fiber that forms filaments that slide between filaments of protein myosin contracting muscle fibers
Synaptic cleft
space between two cells forming a synapse
Troponin/Tropomyosin
proteins on the actin filament that are binding sites for the myosin filament
Sliding filament model
the model that is used to explain the sliding of the proteins actin and myosin past each other in skeletal muscle contraction
ATPase
Enzyme that releases energy stored in the terminal phosphate bonds of ATP molecules
Acetylcholinesterase
enzyme that catalyzes break down of acetycholine
Creatine phosphate
muscle biochemical that stores energy
Hemoglobin
oxygen carrying pigment and red blood cells
Myoglobin
pigmented compound and muscle tissue that stores oxygen
Oxygen debt
amount of oxygen required following physical exercise to react accumulated lactic acid to form glucose
Threshold stimulus
a certain strength of stimulation which when reacted generates a electric impulse that spreads throughout the muscle fiber
Twitch
single contraction of a muscle fiber followed by relaxation
Latent period
time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of a response of a muscle fiber
Summation
increased force of a contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes
Muscle tone
sustained contraction of muscle fibers which originates repeatedly from the spinal cord and stimulates only a few muscle fibers at a time
Peristalsis
rhythmic waves of a muscular contraction of the walls of certain tubular organs
Origin
end of a muscle that attaches to a relatively immovable part
Insertion
end of muscle attached to a movable part
Synergists
muscle that assists the action of an agonist, muscle that helps prime mover in a movement
Summation
increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes
Antagonists
muscle that opposes or reverses prime mover