Unit 10 The Skeletal system

What are the 2 types of bones?

1.) Compact

2.) Spongy

What are contact bones?

-Covers external surface of all bones

What is contact bone made out of?

-Composed of osteons

What does each osteons contain?

1.) Lamellae

-Concentric circles of matrix

2.) Lacunae (with octeocytes)

-Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)

3.) Canaliculi

-Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to eachother

4.) Central Canal

-Contain blood vessels and nerves

-Lined with endosteum

5.) Perforating Canal

- intersecting to central canal

-Carry blood supple from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

What is the structure of a spongy bone?

-No osteons

- Have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)

-Canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae

Where is spongy bone found in?

-Flat and irregular bones (skull, ribs, vertebrae)

-Long bones (epiphyses) & (lining medullary cavity)

-Spaces that contain bone marrow

=Red marrow produces blood cells

What does hyaline cartilage consist of?

a) cells

-Chondrocytes in lacunae

b) Matrix

-ground substance

-Collagen fibres

What are an anatomical position?

Feet, face, and palms forward

Directional Terms?

-Anterior/ ventral vs posterior/ dorsal

-Proximal vs distal

What are axial skeleton? and how many bones?

-80 bones

-Bones that form the central core of the body

What are axial skeleton examples?

a) Skull

b) Hyoid bone

c) Vertebral column

d) Thoracic cage

-Sternum + ribs

What are the 2 divsions if bones are paired together?

1.) Axial skeleton

2.) Appendicular skeleton

What is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones?

-126 bone

-Limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)

What are exmaples of appendicular skeleton?

a) pectoral girdle

b) pelvic girdle

c) upper limb (arm, forearm, + hand)

d) Lower limb (thigh, leg + foot)

What is the connection between bones called?

Articulations

What is an exmaple of articulations?

The humerus articulates with the scapula

What are the 3 main bone groupings for the skull (axial skeleton). And how many bones are in each.

a) Cranium

- 8 bones next to the brain

b)Facial bones

-14 bones

c)Auditory ossicles

-6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)

what are the 8 bones of the Cranium

a) 1 frontal (forehead)

b) 2 parietal (sides of the skull)

c) 2 temporal (temple)

d) 1 sphenoid

e) 1 ethmoid (forms superior +middle nasal conchae)

f) 1 occipital (very back of head)

what are the 14 bones of the facial bones

a) 2 nasal

b) 2 maxillae

c) 2 Zygomatic (check bones)

d) 2 lacrimal (beside the nasal)

e) 2 palatine under the mouth

+ 2 maxillae =hard palate

d) 2 inferior nasal conchae

e) 1 vomer

f) 1 mandible

what are the 6 bones of the auditory Ossicles. And what is the function of auditory ossicles.

function: For sound transmission

a) 2 incus

b) 2 malleus

c) 2 stapes

What is the hyoid bone

- no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral Column

-They are 26 vertebrae

What are the 5 regions of vertebral column

cervical (7)

thoracic (12)

lumbar (5)

sacrum (1)

coccyx (1)

What is the general vertbral structure. What does it consist of.

a) Body -thick anterior portion

b)Spinous process - median posterior projection (1)

c) Transverse processes -Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment (2)

d) Lamina -connects the two processes (2)

e) Pedicle - connects body to transverse process (2)

f) Vertebral foramen - Hole for spinal cord

g) Superior & inferior articular facets

-connected with vertebrae above and below

h) Intervertebral foramina

-exit for spinal nerves

Characteristics of vertebrae by region. What do cervical C1 to C7 mean

C1 to C7: All have a transverse foramen in ecah transverse process (for passage of vertebral arteries)

-C1 ,C2 do not follow vertebral structure

what is cervical C1

-ATLAS

-No body, no spinous process

-Connects with occipital condyle of skull

-Allows flexion & extensions of neck (nodding yes motion)

What is cervical C2

-Axis

-Dense (odontoid process)

-Pivot joint around which atlas swivels

-Allows rotation of head on neck (shaking "no" motion)

What do all (T1- T2) Thoracic articulate with

ribs and costal facets

What does lumbar (L1 - L5) do?

-Support body weight

-All have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes

What does Sacrum consist of?

-5 fused vertebrae

-Articulates with ilium and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

What does the coccyx consist of?

-3 to 5 fused vertebrae, usually 4

-Has a tailbone

Which spinal colums are convex

Cervical + lumbar

Which spinal columns are concave

Thoracic + sacrum

What are the abnormal curvatures:

scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

What is scoliosis?

-Spinal column curves laterally

What is kyphosis?

-exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)

What is lordosis?

Exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

What are the parts of the thoracic cage?

a) Sternum

b) Ribs

What are the 3 fusion of bones in the sternum?

1) Manubrium

-superior

2)Body

-Middle

3) Xiphoid process

-Inferior

How many ribs are there?

12 pairs, (7 true, 5 false ribs)

What are the 7 true ribs attached to?

Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

What are the 5 false ribs attached to?

-Inferior

-Either attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)

What are rib 11 and 12

-floatings ribs, embedded in muscle

What bone section does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

1) Pectoral Girdle (Upper limb girdle)

2) Pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)

3) Upper Limb (In anatomical position)

4) Lower Limb (In anatomical position)

What are the parts of the Pectoral Girdle (upper limb girdle)?

a) Clavical (Collarbone)

b) Scapula

What does the clavicle do and connect with?

-Works with the sternum(manubrium) and scapula (acromion process)

-Connects axial and appendicular skeletons

What does the scapula do and what is it connected to?

-Spine (runs along the posterior surface)

-Acromion process (Works with the clavical)

-Glenoid fossa/cavity (works with the head of humerus)

-Coracoid process (attachment point for muscles of the arm and chest

What are the 3 bones in the pelvic girdle?

a) ilium (superior)

-Connects with sacrum

b) Ischium (posterior)

c) Pubis (anterior)

-Left and right joined by public symphysis

What are the 3 joints of the pelvic girdle?

a) Public symphysis

-Cartilaginous joint between the public bones

b) Sacroiliac joint

-Sacrum + ilium

c) Acetabulum

-Connects with head of femur

-All 3 bones of os coxa join here

What are the parts (bones) of the Upper Limb (in anatomical position)?

a) Humerus

b) Radius (lateral) & Ulna (medial)

c) Carpals (80) = wrist

d) Metacarpals (5) = palm

e) Phalanges (14) = (fingers and thumb)

Are all Upper limb all long bones expect carpals?

True/ Yes

What are all the bones/ parts of the Lower Limb (anatomical position)?

a) Femur

b) Patella (knee cap)

c) Tibia (medial) & Fibula (lateral)

d) Tarsals (7)

-Talus (connects with tibia)

-Calcaneus = heel bone

e) Metatarsals (5) = sole

f) Phalanges (14) = (toes)

Are all lower limb bones long expect patella and tarsals?

True/ Yes

How many long bone components are there?

8

What is the diaphysis (long bone components)?

Shaft / body of the bone

What is the Epiphyses (long bone components)?

proximal + distal parts

What is the epiphyseal plate (long bone components)?

-Hyaline cartilage

-Used for bone growth (length)

What is the epiphyseal line (long bone components)?

-Replaces plate with bone when growth completed

What is the medullary cavity (long bone components)?

-Red marrow in child

-Yellow marrow in adult

What is the periosteum (long bone components)?

-External surface

-Has 2 layers of connective tissue

What are the 2 layers of periosteum connective tissue?

a) Outer = dense irregular

-Tendons/ muscles/ ligament attachment

b) Inner= mainly osteoblasts & osteoclasts

-Allows bone to grow in diameter

What is the endosteum (long bone components)?

-Lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteocblasts + osteoclasts)

What is articular cartilage (long bones components)?

-Hyaline (only at articulations points)

- Prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

What does aritucalations/ joints mean?

-Point of contact between 2 or more bones

-2 classes: structural + functional

What is the structural classification based on (ariculations/ joints)?

-Presence/ absence of joint cavity

-Type of CT

What are the types of structural joints?

a) Fibrous Joints

b)Cartilaginous Joints

c) Cynovial Joints

What are fibrous joints? and examples

-no joint cavity

-Fibrous CT

e.g sutures in skull

What are Cartilaginous joints? and example

-No joints

-cartilage attaches bones

e.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilage of ribs

What are synovial joints examples?

e.g. shoulder, elbow, hip knee

What is the synovial joint structure?

a) Articualr cartilage (hylaine)

b) joint cavity

-contains synovial fluid

c) Articular/ joint capsule

-Outer layer= fibrous capsule

-Attaches to periosteum

-Encloses the joint cavity

-May have ligaments within or separated

-Secrtes synvoial fluid

What are the types of synovial joints?

Groups according to shape of connecting bones

a)Plane/gliding

-Flat surfaces

e.g. sacroiliac

b)Hinge

-Convex/ concave surfaces

e.g. elbow and knee

c) Pivot

-Projection in ring

e.g. dens ( on axis) in atlas

4) ball and socket

-Great freedom of movement

e.g. 1 femur in hip or 2 humerus in glenoid fossa

What are the functional classifications based on (articulation and joints)?

-Degree of movement

What are the types of functional joints? with examples

a) Synarthrotic

-immovable

e.g. skull suture

b)Amphiarthrotic

-Slightly moveable

e.g. public symphysis

c)Diarthrotic

-Freely moveable synovial joints

e.g. hip, shoulder