de psychology final

what are two problems with longitudinal research?

1) it takes a long time to complete

2) people drop out

What is the name of the professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S.?

American Psychological Association

Behaviorism

psychological perspective focuses on observing and controlling behavior

clinical psychology

branch of psychology focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior

cognitive psychology

branch of psychology which focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

forensic psychology

branch of psychology that deals with the justice system

Gestalt

Psychological perspective focuses on humans as a WHOLE rather than individual parts

humanism

psychological perspective emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

industrial/organizational psychology

branch of psychology that would conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment

personality psychology

branch of psychology focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual

psychoanalytic

psychological perspective focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Abraham Maslow

developed a Hierarchy of Needs with can explain behavior

Jane Goodall

Made a career of studying chimpanzee behavior through naturalistic observation

John B Watson

Considered the father of behaviorism in psychology

case study

type of research that focuses on one individual

corpus callosum

connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

dopamine

neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, and learning

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers of the nervous system

pituitary gland

master gland

spinal chord

delivers messages to and from the brain

synapse

space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron

introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ______ as objectively as possible

their own conscious experience

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants _____

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

individuals undergoing hypnosis

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are on control of their own behaviors

alcohol is considered a ____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

depressant

cocaine is considered a ____ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity

stimulant

after tony falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. which parasomnia does Tony have?

night terrors

sam was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn’t resist falling asleep Sam may have

narcolepsy

obstructive sleep apnea occurs when

an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep

david is sleeping. his eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. david is probably experiencing ____ sleep

REM

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

carl jung

most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their _____ cycles are aligned with the outside world

circadian

_____ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ______ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

perception: sensation

grace walks into a brightly lit psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. which photo receptors will be most useful during the experiment

cones

which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain

optic

jack is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. the _____ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over

vestibular

nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. when a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. the other customers' assumption that nikki was a store employee demonstrates the gestalt principle of _____

similarity

when a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is till incomplete. which gestalt's principle does this demonstrate

contiguity

birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth are examples of _____

instincts

in pavlov's classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _____

neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

what did john b. watson and rosalie rayner demonstrate with their studies of little albert

emotions can be a conditioned response

dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everyone dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. dave's boss is using

negative reinforcement

which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

shaping

emma wants to teacher her son to say thank you. everytime he says thank you, emma praises hum and gives him a hug. which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

hellen tells a lie and is grounded. he does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). which kind of learning is this

operant conditioning

what is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is a motivated consequence we receive for the behavior: reinforcement and punishment

gabby watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. in this example, gabby's father is a _____

model

what is the main idea of social learning theory

one can learn new behaviors by observing others

____ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory

cognition

which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other that what is was designed for

functional fixedness

an intelligence score that falls below _____ indicates significant cognitive delays and may be indicative of an intellectual disability

70

jane finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. then he can easily remember it. this is an example of ____ encoding

acoustic

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ____

retrieval

what kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and taste

sensory

in order to remember his lines for the play, cole repeats his lines over and over again. this process is called _____

rehersal

when you take a multiple choice test, you are relying on _____, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long term memory

recognition

elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. this is an example of _____

chunking

from a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important

it allows for consolidation of studied material in long term memory

list 3 functions of memory

encoding, storage, and retrieval

what does SIDS stand for (sa)

sudden infant death syndrome

what is the mean score for an average IQ individual (sa)

100