PSY101 (MSU) Exam 3

Lucas 2026 PSY101 Exam 3

Memory occurs through three processes

Encoding: get information to the brain

Storage: retain information

Retrieval: Get it back to consciousness

Automatic Processing

Encoding info such as sequence of days, events, or familiar faces

Effortful Processing

consciously attending to and processing information to form durable and accessable memories

Encoding

effortful and automatic processes

Multi-taskers are often very confident in multi-tasking, but

multi-tasking has negative consequences for learning and memory

Rehearsal

Form of effortful processing that involves conscious repetition of material

• Ebbinghaus

• More time rehearsed, less repetitions required to relearn it

Spacing Effect

Distribute rehearsal over time; opposite of “cramming”

Emplicit memories are created by:

Automatic Processing

Encoding info in terms of meaning(deep processing) leads to better memory than in terms of:

Superficial (Shallow processing)

Mini Quiz: Ebbinghaus observed it is easier to learn meaningful material instead of nonsense material

Deep Processing

Atkinson-Shiffin Theory

Memory storage involves three separate systems:
-Sensory memory
-Short term
-Long term

Iconic Memory

Sensory memory for visual information, retained (1/4) of a second

Short Term

limited capacity memory, info retained for about 30 seconds

Working Memory

combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allows info to be retained.

Mini Quiz: How we remember telephone numbers and how they are written is called:

Chunking

Mini Quiz: Jamaal has to make a phone call on a land line...takes number from cell phone and has to remember it.

Working Memory

Mini Quiz: long term memory is limitless and perfect

False

Memory storage

retaining information

Long Term Potentiation

The prolonged strengthening of potential neuron firing, which provides a basis for learning and remembering

Stress and hormones

emotion triggered stress hormones makes more glucose energy available to the brain when we are stressed

Memory Processing (automatic)

Implicit memories without concscious recall-processed by cerebellum and basal ganglia

• space time frequency

• motor and cognitive skills

• classical conditioning

Effortful Processing

• Explicit memories with conscious recall-processed in hippocampus and frontal lobes

• Facts and general knowledge (Semantic)

• Personally experienced events (Episodic)

Procedural Processing

Storing implicit and explicit memories

H.M gets hippocampus removed:

Discovered memories are consolidated

Mini Quiz: Lara us trying to remember events before third birthday. She can't likely due to the fact that her______ is not fully developed

Hippocampus

Mini Quiz: Coined by Gary Lynch, this prolonged strengthening of neural firing is_______

Long term potentiation

When you encode into memory a target piece of info, you associate it with other bits of info: Surroundings, mood, location, etc...

Bits called retrieval cues

Putting yourself back in the contect where you experienced something can prime

Memory retrieval

Mini Quiz: Ralph came home quite drunk after the party on saturday. He came home, threw his keys down and went right to bed, Ralph needs______ to find his keys

Retrace his steps drunk to find keys

Ebbinghaus learned lists of nonsense syllables then attempted to recall them thirty days later

Forgetting curve: initially rapid, levels off with time

Proactive interference

Occurs when new info makes it harder to recall something learned earlier
-Learn friends email address, familiar address interferes

Retroactive interference

-Sleep helps protect against this
-Forgetting can happen at any memory stage

Rationale

Psychologist Gary Wells discovered that when using sequential lineups, people make absolute judgements

Sequential lineups cut eye witness Misidentification

in half

Repressed memories

Ex: people convicted of rape

Memories of Disney land

Some people took cues from other memories, said they saw bugs bunny, but bugs bunny is a warner brother character(Implanted memories)

If intelligence is influenced by genetic factors

Most genetically similar people should have most similar intelligence scores

Identical twins have higher correlation of intelligence than

Others when reared together

Intelligence test scores rose in the ______century

20th

Emotions are a mix of

Psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, consciously experienced thoughts

James Lang Theory

Theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/ noticing/ realizing of our physiological response to emotion- arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory that emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions

Two Factor Theory

Theory to experience emotions on must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Mini Quiz: As she was riding her bicycle down a hill she hit a rock and lost balance. She came to a stop and realized her heart was racing. What theory is this?

James Lang Theory

Mini Quiz: Alone in the woods you hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming toward you and your heart starts pounding, at the same time...

Cannon-bard theory

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategy

Algorithms vs Heuristics

opposites

Functional Fixedness

Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Mini Quiz: One major obstacle to problem solving is______ which is the inability to see a problem from fresh perspective

Fixation

Representative Heuristic

Judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent prototypes.
-categorizing different info

Availability Heuristic

Tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluation some conclusion

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

operant conditioning.

Conditioning is the process of:

learning associations.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was:

the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):

unconditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):

conditioned response

Spontaneous recovery refers to the:

reappearance, after a rest pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Compared to nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates:

generalization

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of:

discrimination

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears:

may be produced through classical conditioning.

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

operant conditioning

A Skinner box is a(n):

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (human) can manipulate to obtain a reward.

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):

reinforcer

The basic components of emotion are:

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions.

physiological arousal

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system:

increases respiration and decreases salivation.

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to:

assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime.

Men and women students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their:

facial expressions of emotion.

After 9/11, Americans who responded with anger more than fear also displayed:

more prejudice.

The text defines stress as:

the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges.

In the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, two-thirds of Americans responding to a University of Michigan survey reported:

sleeping difficulties.

Conservation

Principle in which that properties of mass, volume, and number must remain the same even though changes have occurred in the forms of object.

Kholberg

Moral Development, why people think the way they do about right and wrong. How do we become "moral" beings.

Erikson

Psychosocial Development, believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a person's life

What's the best way to encode long-term memories?

semantic encoding

Parallel Distributed Memory Process (PDP)

a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

Information Processing Model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

Eidetic

the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

Processes of memory;

Encoding
Storage
Recall (retrieval)

Types of Encoding

visual, acoustic, elaborative, and semantic.

Divergent Thinking

many unique solutions, free spirited, spontaneous

Convergent thinking

systematic, logical