Human Growth and Development Module 1

Flashcards

Government's role in health care

To protect and promote public health through laws, funding, services, information, and policy.

Health-care legislation

Laws that set rules and protections for the delivery and use of health-care services.

Legal precedent

An earlier court decision used as a guide for deciding later cases; repeated decisions can influence law.

Three levels of U.S. government

Federal, state, and municipal (local) governments share responsibilities affecting health care.

Nineteenth-century health-care laws

The period when formal laws specifically addressing health care began to expand in the United States.

Early health-care reform leaders

Hippocrates, Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, and Florence Nightingale helped shape principles that influenced health-care standards.

Standards of practice

Professional expectations intended to guide safe, consistent, high-quality care and protect patients.

Professionalization of health care

The shift from primarily self-care toward trained practitioners and organized health-care institutions.

Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing (1873)

An early professional nursing school founded in the United States in 1873.

American Red Cross (1881)

A humanitarian organization established in the United States in 1881.

Early nursing code of ethics

Nurse-training leaders organized a professional society and developed ethical expectations for nursing practice in the late 1800s.

State nursing licensure (1903)

States began requiring licenses for nurses to practise, helping regulate qualifications and patient safety.

Columbia University nursing education

An early university-based program intended to prepare nursing teachers and advance nursing education.

Why hospitals became health-care centres

They concentrated equipment, staff, and resources beyond those generally available in individual physicians' offices.

Hospital specialty units

Hospital departments organized around particular disciplines or services, such as medicine and surgery.

Hill-Burton Act (1946)

U.S. legislation that provided grants to help states build hospitals and expand hospital infrastructure.

American Nurses Association education position (1965)

The nursing association advocated moving nursing education from hospitals into colleges.

Registered nurse education and licensure

The slides emphasize formal nursing education and a licensing examination as requirements for RN practice.

Multidisciplinary health-care team

Professionals from different fields, such as nurses, physicians, lab workers, and social workers, collaborating on patient care.

Goal of a multidisciplinary team

To support the patient's physical and mental well-being through coordinated care.

Plan of care

A coordinated document or approach that outlines how a health-care team will address a patient's needs.

Standards of care

Guidelines developed by professional organizations to support quality and consistency in patient care.

Nurse Practice Act

A state law defining and regulating nursing practice within that state.

Scope of practice

The legally permitted duties, responsibilities, and limits of a health-care professional's role.

Why nursing scope varies by state

Each state has its own nursing laws and regulations, so nurses must understand the requirements where they work.

Nursing Licensure Compact

An arrangement that can permit eligible nurses to practise in multiple participating states under a multistate license.

Patient's Bill of Rights

A framework of expectations for respectful, informed, fair treatment and meaningful patient involvement in care.

Key patient rights in the slides

Participation in care, choice of providers, respect, nondiscrimination, and ways to make complaints or appeals.

Informed consent

A patient's voluntary agreement to a procedure after receiving understandable information about risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Information asymmetry in health care

Health-care providers typically have more medical knowledge than patients; clear explanations help patients make informed decisions.

Accreditation

Formal recognition that a school, hospital, or other organization meets established quality or practice standards.

Accreditation and funding

The slides note that meeting accreditation requirements can affect an institution's eligibility for government funding.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

A federal department that supports public-health programs, health information, financing, and policy.

Healthy People 2020

A set of U.S. public-health objectives published under HHS for the decade ending in 2020.

Government direct health services

Care provided to specific populations or for specific needs, including clinics, immunizations, and disease services.

Government health-care financing

Public funding and payment mechanisms used to help people obtain health-care services.

Medicare and Medicaid

U.S. public health-coverage programs cited in the slides as examples of government financing.

Government health-information role

Collecting and sharing statistics, census information, survey findings, and health reports.

Government health-policy role

Creating rules and plans that shape health systems and protect the public.

Federal Register

The U.S. government's official publication for federal rules, notices, and other government actions.

Quarantine authority

A public-health power that may restrict a person's movement when legally justified to prevent disease spread.

Occupational Safety and Health Act

U.S. law establishing requirements to help protect workers' health and safety.

Employer responsibilities under occupational-safety law

Workplaces must protect employees from hazards and meet applicable injury-reporting requirements.

Rising health-care costs

Increasing expenses that place pressure on patients, public programs, and private insurance.

Health-care cost-control questions

How to balance health goals, access to care, limited resources, and changing population needs.

Effect of rising costs on private insurance

Higher health-care expenses can contribute to increased premiums.

Challenges of health-care reform

Changes may face political disagreement and concerns about costs, access, rationing, and coverage limits.

Political instability of health-care reforms

Health-care laws and policies can be altered or reversed when governments change.

Resurgence of self-care

Renewed emphasis on individuals helping manage their health through prevention, early detection, and appropriate daily care.

Shift toward outpatient care

Greater use of services that do not require hospital admission, alongside prevention and early intervention.

Hydrotherapy

An approach using water as a therapeutic intervention; cited as a historical example of self-care.

Homeopathy

An alternative treatment system using highly diluted substances; listed in the slides as a historical self-care approach.

Prevention and early screening

Finding health problems early and reducing risk before illness becomes more serious.

World Health Organization (WHO)

An international body through which countries cooperate on public-health goals and health issues.

Vital statistics in health planning

Population data, such as births and deaths, that help identify health needs and plan interventions.

Political action committee (PAC)

An organization that seeks to influence public policy and elections, including health-care legislation, through political activity.

Culture

Learned values, beliefs, customs, and behaviours shared by a social group and often transmitted across generations.

How culture is transmitted

Through families, communities, learning, traditions, and repeated practices across generations.

How culture influences health

It can shape diet, communication, care-seeking, illness beliefs, family roles, and treatment decisions.

Cultural sensitivity

Awareness of and respect for cultural differences in speech, gestures, body language, social rules, and practices.

Religion in culturally sensitive care

Religious beliefs and practices may affect treatment preferences, daily routines, and health decisions.

Cultural competence

The knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to provide respectful care that responds to an individual's cultural needs.

Cultural stereotyping

Assuming every person in a cultural group thinks or behaves alike without asking about individual preferences.

Cultural beliefs

Ideas and teachings that influence daily behaviour and may be passed down through generations.

Cultural values

Learned judgments about what is important, right, or wrong within a person or community.

Ethnicity

Shared social or cultural heritage that may include ancestry, language, customs, and traditions.

Cultural awareness

Recognizing the background and history of cultures and considering their possible relevance to care.

Ethnocentrism

Viewing one's own culture or its values as superior to those of other cultures.

Acculturation

Adaptation to a different culture that may change a person's behaviours, values, or practices over time.

Cultural care

Health care adjusted to respect an individual patient's cultural beliefs, practices, and needs.

Cultural intervention

A care or teaching approach adapted to fit a patient's cultural context and communication needs.

Communication in culturally competent care

Ask about preferred language, use clear explanations, respect personal space, and check understanding.

Culture and pregnancy

Beliefs may shape views of birth, privacy, acceptable interventions, family participation, and whether childbirth seems risky.

Questions for culturally sensitive maternity care

Ask the patient about preferred birth practices, support people, privacy, decision-making, and acceptable procedures.

Culture and child development

Cultural expectations and parenting practices can influence the timing and expression of developmental milestones.

Culture and adolescence

Some cultures mark a formal transition to adulthood through ceremonies or responsibilities, while others treat adolescence as a longer stage.

Adolescents and cultural identity

Young people may question, modify, or adopt different cultural values and lifestyles, temporarily or permanently.

Culture and adulthood

Culture and religion can influence attitudes toward pregnancy, contraception, work, adult roles, and self-worth.

Culture and older adulthood

In some families and communities, elders are respected as sources of wisdom, childcare, guidance, and cultural knowledge.

Hot-and-cold health beliefs

A traditional framework in which foods, illnesses, or treatments are categorized as hot or cold and balance is emphasized.

Cultural restrictions and care scheduling

Some religious or cultural observances affect which days, times, or activities a patient considers acceptable.

Cultural clothing and health care

Head coverings, jewellery, undergarments, or modesty requirements may call for respectful accommodations during treatment.

Patient Self-Determination Act (1991)

U.S. legislation promoting patients' knowledge of their rights to make health-care decisions, including advance directives.

Culture and end-of-life decisions

Preferences differ regarding disclosure of serious news, family decision-making, death rituals, and who should be present.

Culturally respectful end-of-life care

Ask the patient and family about preferences and, when possible, accommodate relevant religious or cultural practices.

Culture and patient teaching

Communication styles can create misunderstandings; use neutral questions and confirm what the patient actually understands.

Consent and cultural practices

Before routine examinations or procedures, explain what will happen and ask permission rather than assuming acceptance.

Culture and food

Dietary rules, fasting, ceremonial foods, and prohibited foods may influence safe and acceptable care plans.

Hispanic American examples in the slides

The deck mentions extended-family roles, traditional midwives, hot-and-cold beliefs, home remedies, and possible language barriers; always ask individuals about their own preferences.

Native American examples in the slides

The deck mentions respected elders, extended-family support, harmony with nature, and traditional healing practices; these differ widely among nations and individuals.

African American examples in the slides

The deck discusses family support, spiritual practices, traditional remedies, and health-care access concerns; do not assume the same practices for all people.

European American examples in the slides

The deck discusses individual responsibility for health, combinations of remedies, and variation in mourning practices; individuals can differ substantially.

Asian American examples in the slides

The deck includes yin-yang balance, extended-family roles, traditional therapies, and postpartum customs; Asian communities are highly diverse.

Arab American examples in the slides

The deck includes family involvement, modesty, Ramadan fasting, and possible preference for same-gender clinicians; ask each patient directly.

Key caution about cultural-group descriptions

Group examples are not rules; avoid stereotyping by assessing each patient's individual values, needs, and wishes.

Complementary medicine

Non-mainstream therapies used alongside conventional medical treatment.

Alternative medicine

Non-mainstream therapies used in place of conventional medical treatment.

Complementary versus alternative medicine

Complementary care is used with conventional care; alternative care replaces conventional care.

Patient autonomy

A patient's right to participate in and make informed decisions about their own health care.

Office of Minority Health

A U.S. HHS office working to improve health equity and access to culturally and linguistically appropriate services.