Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways

CO2

It appears that ________ is produced by the removal of hydrogen atoms from glucose.

Fermentation

________ is an anaerobic process that does not use an electron transport chain.

substrate level phosphorylation

There is a net gain of only 2 ATPs per glucose; they are produced by ________ during glycolysis.

Glycolysis

________ occurs in the cytosol, and the remaining stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria.

Citric acid cycle

In the ________, the 2 acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to form 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATPs.

glucose molecule

In glycolysis each ________ produces 2 NADH and 2 ATPs (net)

Chemiosmosis

In ________ some of the energy of the electrons in the electron transport chain is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space.

aerobic respiration

Most cells use ________ to obtain energy from glucose, which enters the cell through a specific transport protein in the plasma membrane.

FADh2

When electrons donated by the 10 NADh and 2 ________ pass through the electron transport chain, 32 to 34 ATPs are produced by chemiosmosis.

Hydrogen atoms

________ (or their electrons) removed from fuel molecules are transferred from one electron acceptor to another down an electron transport chain located in the mitochondrial inner membrane; ultimately, these electrons reduce molecular oxygen, forming water.

Glycerol

Both the ________ and fatty acid components of lipids are oxidized as fuel.

supply of NAD+

To maintain the ________ essential for glycolysis, hydrogen atoms are transferred from NADH to an organic compound derived from the initial nutrient.

Oxidative phosphorylation

In ________ the redox reactions in the electron transport chain are coupled to synthesis of ATP through the mechanism of chemiosmosis.

ATP

In anaerobic respiration electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to an electron transport chain that is coupled to ________ synthesis by chemiosmosis; the final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance such as nitrate or sulfate, not molecular oxygen.

Energy

________ released during aerobic respiration is used to produce up to 36 to 38 atps per molecule of glucose.

Fatty acids

________ are converted to acetyl CoA molecules by the process of b- oxidation.

Yeast cells

________ carry out alcohol fermentation, in which ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the final waste products.

diffusion of protons

The ________ through channels formed by the enzyme ATP synthase, which extends through the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, provides the energy to synthesize ATP.

acetyl CoA

For every ________, hydrogen atoms are transferred to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD; only 1 ATP is produced by substrate- level phosphorylation.

Amino acids

________ undergo deamination, and their carbon skeletons are converted to metabolic intermediates of aerobic respiration.

Protons

________ (H+) accumulate within the intermembrane space, lowering the ph.

Substrate level phosphorylation

________ produces 2 ATP molecules during glycolysis, and 4 hydrogen atoms are removed and used to produce 2 NADH.

Aerobic respiration

________ includes a series of redox reactions in which electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to oxygen in a series of steps.

glycolysis

During ________ a molecule of glucose is degraded to 2 molecules of pyruvate.

aerobic respiration

Most eukaryotes and prokaryotes carry out ________, a form of cellular respiration requiring molecular oxygen (O2)

aerobic respiration

During ________, nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide and water.

The chemical reactions of aerobic respiration occur in four stages

glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis