BOT 300 MIDTERM

actions and indications of crateaegus oxycantha

remember hawthorn reduce BP - ace like and hypotensive

ACE-like, hypotensive, antiarythmic, cardioprotective, hypolipidmic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant

indications: heart failure, tachycardia, hypertension, mitral regurg

How does crataegus work on atherosclerosis?

1. lipid lowering,

total triglycerides, LDL, cholesterol etc.

2. antioxidant

attenuates LDL oxidation, increases NO

3. anti-inflammatory

stops inflammation and apoptosis related factors of inflmamtion

4. vascular endothelial protection, increases NO, vasorelxation, vascular wall integrity

Cautions with Crataegu?

If already on diagoxin/digitalis start at 1/2 dose

Other than CVD what else can craetgus treat?

diabetes!

actions and indications of digitalis lanata

cardiotonic, cardiostimulant, diaretic

indicated for congestive heart failure, arthymia with tachycardia

What herb contains digoxin?

digitalis lanata

What caution must you have when using digitalis lanata

it has a very narrow therapeutic range, the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic does so we must start low and asses in 2-3 days

also must be cautious in renal failure, heart blocks, angina, greater risk of toxicity in hypokalemia, calcium will potentiate activity due to its mechanism of increasing CA in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the mechanisms behind digitalis lanata?

It inhibits Na/K Atpase pumps in cardiac muscles

this results in increased intracellular sodium resulting in increased CA in the sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting in a more forceful contraction and a more efficient heart

Olea europaea actions and mechanisms

antihypertensive, anti-platelet, cardioprotective, hypolipidemic, anti oxidant, antiinflammatory

calcium channel blocking - lowers BP

lipid lowering - reudces LDL and LDL oxidation, increases HDL, reduces triglycerides

indications for olea europaea

constipation, cradle cap, dylipidemia, breast cancer prevention

cautions for olea europaea

may cause GB spasm and stone relase, caution with use of anticoagulants since it is an antiplatelet

What are the actions for olea europeae specifically when you use the leaf not the flower

anti bacterial, fungal, viral, parastic, antiLDL oxidant, hypotensive

indications for open wounds and cardiovascular concerns

What are the 3 primary botanicals used in heart failure?

1. creategeus

2. digitalis lanata

3. Olea europeae

Astragalus actions and indications

typically indicated for: URTI, asthma, allergic rhinitis, immune deficiency

other indications:

- diabetes

- cancer

- KI neproopathy

- CVD, protects cardiac stem cells and progenitor cells, inhibits oxidative stress in apoptosis in heart

Achillea millefolium

yarrow

anti-inflammatory, astringent, antispasmodic, hypotesnive, wound healing antibacterial, antifungal,

Caution when using achillea milleform

caution with asteraceae allergy

What part of allium sativum is useful and how does that occur?

onion!

when the bulb is cut or crushd allin reacts with allinase and is converted to allicin the active constituent

aged garlic contains the enzyme SAC - which is destroyed when cooked at high heat

actions of allium sativium

1. antimicrobial

2. cardioprotective:

- lowers BP

- antiatherosclerotic by reducing mrna expression of inos

- inhibits oxidation of LDL

- inhibits platelet aggregation

- fibrinolytic activity

3. glucose, reduces fasting glucose, lowers Hba1c, boosts insulin sensitivity

interactions and cautions with allium sativum

side effects: garlic breath, garlic sweat, GI upset

interaction with anticoagulants

actions of coleus forskohlii

indciated for congestive cardiomyopathy

hypotensive, spasmolytic, asthma, inhibits platelet aggregation

cautions with coleus forksokillii

GI upset: nausea, vomitting, constipation, diarehhea

interacts with anticoagulants

Hawthorn vs digitalis

Hawthorn = gentle/supportive cardiac tonic

cardioprotective, blood pressure lowering, ACE like

vs.

Digitalis = powerful cardiac glycoside with significant toxicity risk

- cardiac stimulant/ cardiotonic

indications for leonurus cardiaca

motherwort - think heart is racing and anxious, inflammatory conditions

indications: tachycardiac, palpitations, CV dz, anxiety, dysmennorhea, brain injury, cancer, inflammation

interactions with leonurus cardiaca

interacts with CNS sedatives; binds GABA

olive fruit vs leaf

fruit - think more lipid lowering and BP lowering

leaf - think more antibacterial, but also hypotensive, and anti LDL oxidant

actions of taraxacum officinale

dandlion

diaretic, bitter digestive

interactions and cautions of taraxcum offcinale?

interactions with diauretics

caution with aasteraceae allergy, need to also monitor all electorlytes with increased fluid loss

Withania somnifera actions and indications

adpatogen for stress, tonic for physical and mental well being

indicated for:

stress

insomnia

cancer

diabetes

asthma

hypertension

aging

arthritis

can help with low DHEA, low testosterone

cautions with ashwaganda

pregnancy, use of thyroid hormone, sedatives

actions and indications for asparagus racemosa

antioxidant, galactogoguse, immunostiulant, antiheptatoxic, antiulcergenoic

indicated for increasing lactation and appeitite in lacting women, endometriosis, menopause, aphrodesiac, roots can be used as a laxative

cautions with asparagus racemosa

careful with allergies (onion, garlic, leek)

may lower blood glucose

some consider estrogenic

Calendula actiosn

anti viral, bacterial, fungal, antiinflammatory, indicated for wounds and abrasions especially post surgery

What was the outcome on the study on calendula and rats with endometriosis?

Calendula had no effect and was not effective for rats with endometriosis

actions of cameillia sinesis

green tea

enhance cognitive function / anticognitive impairment

stress reduction

anti inflammatory

anti cancer

indicated for endometriosis - anti fibrotic, anti angiogenic, pro apoptotic, reduces uterine contractility, blocks aromatass, downregulates estrogen receptors

Why might cameillia sinesis be indicated for endometriosis?

the EGCG down regulates estrogen receptors (estrogen antagonist)

blocks aromatase

antiangiogenic

reduces uterine contractlity

antifibrotic

interactions with cameilia sinesis

interactions with CVD meds: anticoagulants, warfarin, statins, beta blocks

actions of cinnamon zeylanicum

antimicrobial, anti mosquito, anti lice

indicated for diabates (because of its reduced post pradinal glucose absorption) and potentially endometriosis (bc increases estrogen and progesterone secretion)

what conditions are cinnamon indicated for?

Diabetes:

- increases glucose absorption after eating

- decreases LDL, hba1c

- increase insulin, hdl

- inhibits pancrreatic alpha amylase

endometriosis:

- increase LH secretion which increases estrogen and progesterone secrtion?

cinnamon interactions

diabetes, hypertension, and liver metabolized medications

wont suppress them but rather may potentiate the effects of these drugs

indications for Chamalerium Luteum

False unicorn??

luteum - think uterus and ovary / menstrual issues

- menstrual issues

- ovarian cysts

- miscarriage

- diaretic, antiinflammatory, hormone balencing

Cautions with chamalerium luteum

cardiac toxicity

can cause nasua and vommiting

dont use is early pregnancy

Main indications of actea racemosa

Black cohosh

indicated most for perimenopause and menopause concerns: sleep disruption, hot flashes

dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia

PCOS

Actions of actea racemosa

Most indicated for menopause

but also analgesic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, nervine relaxant, antispasmodic

Why would actea racemosa be better than hormone therapy in menopause?

There is no risk of breast cancer because actea racemosa (black cohosh) doesnt act on the estrogen response

actually inhibits cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis at G1

- no impact on estrogen and circulating hormones, although it acts like a SERM, no proliferation in estrogen responsive tissues

Mechanisms behind black cohosh /actea racemosa

1. SERM activity (selective estrogen receptor modulator) - but there is noestrogen response on breast cells

2. enhance NO activity - ehances immune defense system

3. Bone - acts like a SERM but again has no estrogen. promost osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts

Cautions with actea racemosa

Note it does not contain or stimulate estrogen or estrogen receptors - can actually use it in women with breast cancer! but acts like a SERM

need to be cautious in endometriosis, fibroids, thromboembolic disorders, vaginal bleeding

need to be cautious of hepatitis

Why is Disocorea Villosa important?

Wild yam - the originalsource for synthetic oral cotraceptives and corticosteroids

Actions and indications of discorea villosa

Wild yam

antispasmodic, antiinflammatoyr

dysmenorrhea, ovary and uterine pains, pregnancy pain, gall stone pain etc.

original source for synthetic oral contraceptives

contraindications and toxicity of discorera villosa?

Contradinictaion: bile duct obstruction

Toxicity: N/V, diahrhea

Actions and indications of pinus pinaster

pycnogenol

anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, topical for wounds

mainly indicated for endometriosis after surgery

interactions with pinus pinaster

theoretically interacts with antihypertensive, antidiabetes, anticoagulants, but none known in the literature

Rhemania glutinosa actions

supresses AGE products of diabetes, anticancer, anti-allergy, autoimmune regulating, balence T and B lymphocyte biosynthesis, hepato and nephro protective

Silybum marianum actions

Milk thistle - think liver, diabetes, kidney

helps stabilize high liver enzymes, protects kidney, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, antidiabetic, stops amanita poising, helps with albumin excretion in diabetes

Cautions with silybum marianum

CYP2C9 - dizempam, warfarin

cant use in asteraceae allergy

Actions of viburnum opulus

Cramp bark

antispasmodic, dysmenorhea, threatned miscarriage, ovarian pain, angina, bladder spasm

Indications for Vitex agnus castus

think PMS and cyclical symptoms

PMS, cyclical mastalgia (breast pain), irregular mensturation, infertility, cyclical acne, menopause, lactation

others: digestive, antianxiety, antifungal, insect/lice replleant

interactions with vitex agnus castus

birth control pill, estrogens, dopamine agonists, metoclopromide

Mechanism behind vitex agnus castus

binds to dopamine 2 receptors and has effects on hormones

- elevates progestorone and testosterone

- decreases prolcation

this works on PMS and menopause symptoms because in the case of increased prolactin, estrogen is lowered causing symptoms of irregular menstruation, vaginal dryness, low libido, ammenorhea

indactions of zingiber officilnalis

ginger

nausea vomiting - pregnancy

dysmnorhea and endometriosis

chemotherapy

Interactions with ginger

GERD meds, anticoagulants - warfarin, ASA

Andrographis paniculata

Actions: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective.

Uses: Upper respiratory tract infections, fatigue, sore throat, cough, and COVID-19.

Caution: Possible allergic reactions with sudden itchy wheals or papules.

Astragalus membranaceus

Part used: Root from 4–7-year-old plants. Key constituents: Astragalans I–III, flavonoids, and astragalosides I, II, and IV. Actions: Immune adaptogen, immunomodulator, immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective. Uses discussed: Immune suppression associated with chemotherapy/radiotherapy, cancer adjunctive treatment, diabetic neuropathy, and viral myocarditis. TCM: Tonifies Qi and Blood, especially Spleen and Lung Qi. Caution: Pregnancy and lactation safety data are lacking.

Codonopsis pilosula

Part used: Root harvested from 3–4-year-old plants. Key constituents: Polysaccharides, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavones, glycosides, and organic acids. Actions: Adaptogen, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and nootropic. Uses discussed: Fatigue, poor memory, COPD, chemotherapy/radiotherapy support, and postpartum blood loss. TCM: Tonifies middle burner and augments Qi; supports Spleen and Lung deficiency. Dosage: Decoction 9–30 g/day. Cautions: Occasional GI upset, dry mouth, and insomnia.

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, antitussive, antiviral, and adrenocorticotrophic.

Uses: GERD, gastric ulcers, Barrett's esophagitis, H. pylori, adrenal insufficiency, and support during corticosteroid tapering.

Caution: Glycyrrhizin may cause hypokalemia, sodium retention, edema, and hypertension

Rehmannia glutinosa

Actions: Adaptogenic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and potentially beneficial for glucose regulation and bone metabolism.

Uses: Diabetes-related complications, osteoporosis, and support for healthy aging.

Cautions: Avoid during pregnancy; GI upset may occur.

Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's claw)

qActions: Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, and anti-asthmatic.

Uses: Pain and inflammation, dysmenorrhea, loss of appetite, and febrile conditions; high doses may act as a purgative.

Topical use: Traditionally applied for boils, sprains, and sores.

Caution: GERD; pregnancy and lactation safety data are lacking.

Capsicum frutescens (Chili pepper)

Actions: Analgesic, circulatory stimulant, antioxidant, carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and counterirritant.

Uses: Topical pain relief and stimulation of circulation.

Cautions: GERD, diarrhea, acute cholelithiasis, and irritation of eyes/mucous membranes; caution with anticoagulants.