Hard Tissue Lesions

What is the classification of disease processes in oral pathology?

Inertia-D, Idiopathic, Neoplastic (benign vs. malignant), Endocrine/metabolic, Reactive, Traumatic, Inflammatory/Infectious, Autoimmune, Developmental.

What are tori?

Idiopathic protuberances of bone, which are developmental in nature.

Where are the two common locations for tori?

Midline palate (palatal torus) and lingual of anterior mandible (lingual tori).

What is the clinical significance of tori?

They can interfere with the construction of removable prostheses and are more likely to be traumatized.

What are exostoses?

Excrescences (growths) of bone found on the buccal aspect of alveolar bone and the lingual aspect of maxillary tuberosities.

What are odontogenic tumors?

Neoplasms that are solid growths of tissue replacing normal bone with tumor tissue.

What is the radiographic appearance of most odontogenic tumors?

Most are radiolucent, but some may have hard tissue formation.

What is the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors?

Unknown genetic change leading to uncontrolled proliferation of cells forming tissue resembling tooth development.

What is ameloblastoma?

An aggressive, benign odontogenic tumor commonly found in adults, especially in the posterior mandible.

What is the typical radiographic appearance of ameloblastoma?

Unilocular or multilocular with well-defined sclerotic margins, often described as 'soap bubble' or 'honeycomb'.

What is the prognosis for ameloblastoma?

It has a significant recurrence rate and can recur decades later.

What is the treatment for ameloblastoma?

Aggressive surgical resection with or without removing an entire segment of the jaw.

What are benign fibro-osseous lesions (BFOLs)?

A category of developmental bone lesions where normal bone is replaced by benign connective tissue and immature bone.

What are the types of BFOLs?

Cementoosseous dysplasias, ossifying fibroma, and fibrous dysplasia.

What is ossifying fibroma?

A benign neoplasm characterized by slow expansion of the affected jaw.

What is the treatment for ossifying fibroma?

Complete surgical excision to prevent unrelenting growth.

What is the central giant cell granuloma?

A jaw lesion characterized by benign proliferation of multinucleated giant cells.

What is the radiographic appearance of central giant cell granuloma?

Radiolucency, well-defined, often anterior to the first molars.

What is the treatment for central giant cell granuloma?

Surgical excision is the standard treatment, with options for corticosteroids or calcitonin for larger lesions.

What is osteosarcoma?

A malignant tumor of bone producing cells that show evidence of osteoid or bone production.

What is the typical demographic for osteosarcoma?

It is the second most common primary malignancy of bone, affecting teens to mid-20s, and mid-30s for jaw bones.

What are the clinical presentations of osteosarcoma of the jaws?

Swelling, pain, loosening of teeth, and paresthesia.

What is the radiographic appearance of osteosarcoma?

Irregular root resorption, tooth displacement, and a 'moth-eaten' lytic appearance.

What is the treatment for osteosarcoma?

Surgery, possibly with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, and complete surgical excision with negative margins is crucial.

What is chondrosarcoma?

A malignant tumor of cartilage-producing cells, with peak incidence in ages 35-60.

What is the treatment for chondrosarcoma?

Surgery is the primary treatment.

What is the prognosis for chondrosarcoma?

Histologic grade is important for prognosis; uncontrolled local recurrence can occur.