neutering and ligating

castration

neutering of male

orchidectomy

spaying

neutering of femal

ovarioectomy = just overies

ovariohysterctomy = removal of uterus and ovaries

reasons for neutering

health

behaviour

contraception

what are the 2 method of a cat spay

flank

ventral midline

flank cat spay

pros

• fast

• short convalescence

cons

• if something goes worng you cant sort it out so must convert to midline

ventral midline cat spay

pros

• full access to abdomen so can deal with any complications

cons

• slower

• longer convalescence

types of ligations of blood vessels

circumferential/ encircling ligature

halstead transfixed

modified ligature

Circumferential / encircling ligature

1 or 2 ligatures tied around a vessel

need sufficient pedicle to prevent ligature rolling off end

can be made more secure by ligating in a groove created by aretery forcep = 3 clamp technique

Halstead transfixed ligature

more secure than circumferential

can only be used with fine suture material/ smaller vessels

Modified transfixed ligature

enables use of thicker suture material/ larger vessels

friction knot ligation

In some situations the tissue to be ligated is under too much tension for the double throw of a surgeon’s knot to hold

This is particularly common when ligating the ovarian ligament in a

bitch spay

Consequently we need a knot with more ‘friction’. In surgery these

are referred to as friction knots (or colloquially as binding knots)

• Miller’s knot

• Strangle knot - This is sometimes INCORRECTLY referred to as a Modified Miller’s knot, but it’s not! There is another knot called the Modified Miller’s knot which we do not recommend using for ligation.

• Constrictor knot

properties of friction knots

how to check tightness of ligature

There should be ‘blanching’ either side of the ligature

There should be a waist

You should be able to see the knot, but not be able to follow the strands as they should be embedded in the tissue