UTS

Socrates

• brotherhood and building friendships

• The best way towards a happier life was to focus on self development rather than the pursuit of material wealth.

• The Self emerges, according to Socrates, when humans possess certain virtues and leads a virtuous life. And, such life is spent in the search of goodness to be better and happier.

"There is only one good- knowledge, and one evil- ignorance."

Plato

• founded the Academy

• Balance and moderation

• The Self emerges as one utilizes ideas which had been well thought of and utilizes ones senses to recognize the truth.

"If the world is not perfect, it is not because of God or the ideals, but because the raw materials were not perfect."

St. Augustine

• The cause of moral evil is the faculty of free will.

• Sin, an action contrary to the will of God.

• The Self emerges as one utilizes his faculty of free will to not deviate from the right order or oppose himself to the will of God, but become submissive to it

"The very perfection of a man is consummated when he finds out his imperfections."

Rene Descartes

"The human mind has principles or a priori

knowledge, independent of experience."

• Enhancing oneself can be done by reading good books to able to carry conversations with the finest minds of past centuries.

"It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well."

David Hume

• The self is just a bundle of perceptions, like links in a chain.

• The self is a result of our natural habit of attributing unified existence to any collection of associated parts.

• Reason alone cannot motivate anyone to act but helps us arrive at judgments, but our own desires motivate us to act on or ignore those judgments.

• We can never be directly aware of ourselves, only of what we are experiencing at any given moment.

"The existence of evil proves that God exists."

John Locke

• Governments had obligations and limited powers over their citizens powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration.

• The self is crystallized when an individual exercises the principle of freedom, which protects individual liberty.

• Clean slate.

• The Self emerges through experiences.

"All knowledge comes from experience.

Immanuel Kant

• Everything depended on how individuals interprets and responds to his environment based on their personal opinions and feelings.

• Self as transcendental.

• The Self emerges as a crystallized knowledge of one's self and others based on one's recurring observations

"Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life."

Sigmund Freud

• Human behavior as propelled by the drive to find pleasurable experiences.

• Each human behavior was motivated by seeking pleasure, irregularities in one's behavior could be interpreted as a lack in the gratifications of said motives, which he may not be aware of.

• The Self emerges as one strives to address unmet needs and find pleasurable experiences to gratify one's aspirations and instincts as he goes through the different stages of growth and development.

"One day, in retrospect, the years of struggle will strike you as the most beautiful."

Gilbert Ryle

• Anything perceived by the human senses can be explained through the behavior that was used to observe them.

• Mental concepts can explain the behaviors one manifests.

• The Self emerges as human behaviors unfold as it reflects one's innate Self conception; it emerges as one manifests behaviors descriptive of inner dreams, hopes, aspirations and wishes

"A person can see things, only when his eyes are open, and when his surroundings are illuminated; but he can have pictures in his mind's eye, when his eyes are shut and when the world is dark. "

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

• Anything in this world had a rigorous, methodic, and unrelenting feature under scrutiny The Self.

• The Self emerges as one perceives the world and his existence in the world, as he looks at the world through one's body which is involved in one's existence.

"We know not through our intellect but through our experience."

Paul Churchland

• Folklores and mythical beliefs are fallacious for they are not anchored on scientific and neurological explanations.

• Beliefs, practices, and rituals, which were passed to subsequent generations, are invalid because they cannot be reduced to neuroscientific phenomenon.

• The Self emerges not as something that is theoretically founded, but as data innervated, since The Self cannot be a product of imagination and opinions but of empirical observation.

"The brain is the engine of reason and the seat for the soul."