physcial science

matter

anything that has mass and vol

mass

measure of the amt of matter

volume

measure of how much space smth takes up

substance

pure, all particles are identical, same properties

mixture

combo, 2 or more substances, physically combined

elements

simplest form of matter, cant be broken down into simpler

homogeneus

mixture of things but cant tell the difference

heterogeneous

uneven distribution, can be broken down into different componets

compounds

chemically combined atoms of 2 or more diff elements, can be chemically broken down into simpler

aqueous solution

when the solute is dissolved in water

solute

what is being dissolved

solvent

what is doing the dissolving

melting point

temp at which a soild becomes a liquid

boiling point

temp at which a liquid becomes a gas

viscosity

a fluids resistance to flow, thickness

solubility

a measure of how well one substance dissolves in another

solution

the result; a homogeneuous mix of 2 or more subatances uniformly dispersed throughout

density

measure of compactness of matter

flammablity

how easily a substance will burn

reactivity

how easily a substance reacts, often with an acid or base

toxicity

how harmful a substance is to living organisms

chemical reaction

a change in substance that affects its chemical properties thus a chemical reaction occurs and a new substance is formed

precipiate

To cause a dissolved substance to separate from a liquid and form a solid

law of conservation of matter

matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change. it only changes forms

thermal energy

the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of particles in an object

kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

stored energy

temperature

measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object

intermolecular forces

the chemical bonds (intramolecular forces) within a molecule will determine whether or not a molecule is polar (opposites)

plasma

matter composed of positively and negatively charged particles with extremely high kinetic energy

bose-einstein condensates

atoms that are super cooled to such a low temp that they form a super atom, will slow down a light wave

heat of fusion

the amt of energy as heat needed to turn a soild into a liquid

heat of vaporization

the amt of energy as heat needed to turn a liquid into gas at its boiling point

vaporization

the state transition from liquid to gas

evaporation

caused by a pressure change, occurs only at the surface of a liquid

boiling

caused by a temp change occurs through a liquid

heating curve

a diagram that shows the phase changes a substance goes through as energy (in the form of heat) is added to it

difference between substance and mixture, examples

a substance cant be separated, ex: element and compounds

a mixture can be separated, ex: homogeneous and heterogeneous

difference between an element and compound, examples

element simplest form of matter and cant be broken down ex: Na,Cl, H

compound chemically combined 2 or more diff elements, can be chemically broken down ex: NaCl, H20

examples of monoatomic elements

1 atom

ex: He, Mg, C

examples of diatomic elements

2 atoms

ex: H2, N2,O2

difference between compound and mixture, examples

compound chemically combined 2 or more diff elements, can be chemically broken down ex: NaCl, H20

mixture is 2 or more substances PHYSICALLY combined ex: saltwater, lemonade, blood

difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture, example

homogeneous even distribution, can be physically broken down into diff compounds ex: lemonade, stainless steel

heterogeneous uneven distribution, can physically broken down into different componets and will seperate over time ex: paint, blood, cereal

example of solution

one substance is dissolved in another, ex: lemonde, black coffee

know/draw the classification of matter flow chart

how can matter be classified

all matter can be classified as a substance or mixture

classify: table salt

substance

classify: paint

heterogeneous

classify: oxygen

element

classify: lemonade

homogeneous

classify: water

compound

classify: carbon dioxide

compound

classify: veggie soup

mixture

classify: peanut butter

heterogeneous

difference between physical and chemical properties, 3 examples of each

physical properties can be observed directly or measured w/o changing the chemical identity of the substance ex: density, mass, shape

chemical properties can only be observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a substance ex: toxicity, flammabilty, ability to decompose

difference between physically changing matter and chemically changing it, which is a chem reaction

physically changing matter is a change in subtance that only affects it physical properties

chemical change a change in substance that only affects its chemical properties thus a chemcial reaction occurs and new substance is formed

classify if physical and chemical: boiling

physical

classify if physical and chemical: crumpling

physical

classify if physical and chemical: burning

chemical

classify if physical and chemical: rotting

chemical

classify if physical and chemical: crushing

physical

kinetic molecular theory

1. all matter is made of small particles

2. those particles are in constant random motion

3. this motion causes the particles to collide with each other and the container they are in

realtionship between energy, tempature and the movement of particles in a substance

when a substance gains thermal energy, its particles generally move faster, causing its temperature to increase

• Solid: Particles vibrate in place.

• Liquid: Particles move around and slide past one another.

• Gas: Particles move freely and quickly in all directions.

realtionship between energy, movement and intermolecular forces durning a phase change

• Energy added: Particles use energy to overcome intermolecular forces, allowing them to move farther apart (like melting or boiling).

• Energy removed: Particles lose energy, and intermolecular forces pull them closer together (like freezing or condensation).

• Particle movement: During a phase change, the average kinetic energy and temperature stay constant, even though energy is being added or removed.

summarize the differences between soilds, liquid, and gases. include volume, shape, intermolecular forces and particle motion

solids: fixed vol and shape, lowest KE, strongest structure, vibrate in place

liquid: fixed vol,shape changes, particles slide past each other

gas: no fixed vol or shape, high KE, move freely

real-world example of where plasma can be found

stars

what are bose-einstine condensates are used for

used to simulate conditions in a black hole and slow down light

state change physical or chemical

physical

density equation

d=mass/volume

mass (grams)

volume (mL/cm3)

heat curve model

changing states model

solid, liquid, gas particles