MEA 101 Exam 2 Tophat

Which element is the most common component of the Earth's crust?

a. Fe

b. O

c. Al

d. Si

e. Ni

f. N

b. O

Which element is the most common component of the entire Earth?

a. Fe

b. O

c. Al

d. Si

e. Ni

f. N

a. Fe

These are...

a. Elements

b. Minerals

c. Rocks

d. Photoshopped

b. Minerals

A(n) -------- is made up of minerals, which are made of ---------- .

a. element; rocks

b. rock; rocks

c. element; nutrients

d. rock; nutrients

e. rock; elements

e. rock; elements

Based on the definition of a mineral, would ice be classified as a mineral?

Yes

What is the ratio of silicon to oxygen here?

a. 1 Si, 4 O

b. 1 Si, 7 O

c. 2 Si, 7 O

d. 2 Si, 8 O

c. 2 Si, 7 O

Use the figure below to determine how many oxygen atoms are shared between tetrahedra in sheet silicates.

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

Which silicates will have the highest relative concentration of silica in them?

a. Isolated

b. Chain

c. Sheet

d. Framework

d. Framework

Which of the chemical compounds below represents a silicate mineral?

a. CaCO3

b. CaSO4.H2O

c. FeS2

d. NaAlSi3O8

d. NaAlSi3O8

What do geologists mean when they use the term "texture" in descriptions of igneous rocks?

a. The elements present in the common minerals found in the rocks

b. The size, shape and arrangement of the mineral grains

c. The distribution of colors among the minerals and in the whole rock

b. The size, shape and arrangement of the mineral grains

What is the most likely cooling rate and composition of a small grained, light-colored igneous rock?

a. Cooled rapidly, low silica

b. Cooled rapidly, high silica

c. Cooled slowly, low silica

d. Cooled slowly, high silica

b. Cooled rapidly, high silica

Which table on the image below is the most accurate classification scheme for igneous rocks?

A

B

C

D

D

Imagine that all minerals found in igneous rocks were the same color. What information would you no longer be able to infer?

a. Texture

b. Cooling Rate

c. Composition

c. Composition

Where does most of Earth's magma come from?

a. Melting of mantle rocks by multiple processes at plate boundaries

b. Plumes that carry magma upward to the surface from the mantle/core boundary

c. A layer of magma in the mantle where rocks are hot enough to melt

a. Melting of mantle rocks by multiple processes at plate boundaries

Magma at X forms as a result of which process?

a. Decompression melting

b. Melting with the addition of water

c. Increased heating of crust

d. A and B

e. A and C

e. A and C

Magma at X forms as a result of which process?

a. Decompression melting

b. Melting with the addition of water

c. Increased heating of crust

d. A and C

e. B and C

e. B and C

Partial melting of ultramafic mantle rock should produce what type of magma?

a. Ultramafic

b. Mafic

c. Intermediate

d. Felsic

b. Mafic

Which of the following statements about melting rock at subduction zones is correct? (Select all that apply)

a. Partial melting of oceanic crust generates intermediate magma forming new continental crust when it cools

b. Partial melting of continental crust generates felsic magma forming silica enriched rocks when it cools

c. Partial melting of continental crust generates mafic magma forming new ocean floor when it cools

a. Partial melting of oceanic crust generates intermediate magma forming new continental crust when it cools

b. Partial melting of continental crust generates felsic magma forming silica enriched rocks when it cools

Assuming that partial melting is occurring at both locations, what type of magma would you expect to see at 1 and 2?

a. 1: Felsic, 2: Mafic

b. 1: Mafic, 2: Intermediate

c. 1: Mafic, 2: Felsic

d. 1: Intermediate, 2: Felsic

e. 1: Intermediate, 2: Mafic

c. 1: Mafic, 2: Felsic

If you were to partially melt a diorite, which of the following would be a volcanic rock which formed from this melt? (Remember what occurs during partial melting)

a. Basalt

b. Gabbro

c. Andesite

d. Rhyolite

e. Granite

d. Rhyolite

Which region would exhibit the most rapid rate of chemical weathering for the same rock type (e.g., limestone)?

a. A hot, dry state like Arizona

b. A cool, humid state like Oregon

c. A very cold region like Alaska

d. A warm, humid state like North Carolina

d. A warm, humid state like North Carolina

Which of these rocks contains sediments that were transported the longest distance before they were deposited?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

b. B

What environment would most likely form this rock?

a. Lake

b. Stream channel

c. Sand dunes

d. Mountain

b. Stream channel

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Used to interpret geological history

Both

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Form from organisms (biosphere)

Biochemical

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Examples: gypsum, salt

Chemical

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

May form under shallow marine conditions

Both

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Coal formed from dead plants

Biochemical

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Form due to changes in physical conditions

Chemical

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Can form by precipitation from a solution

Both

Write chemical, biochemical, or both in the blanks

Limestone is an example

Both

Which factor does NOT directly influence the texture of clastic sedimentary rocks?

A. Color of source rocks

B. Agent of erosion

C. Distance traveled from source

D. Energy of environment

A. Color of source rocks

Do these rocks indicate that the sea advanced over the land (transgression) or retreated from the land (regression) or both?

a. Transgression only

b. Regression only

c. Transgression followed by regression

d. Regression followed by transgression

c. Transgression followed by regression

Which of the following is not a change you would expect to see during metamorphism?

a. Change in the orientation of mineral grains

b. Change in the types of minerals in the rock

c. A decrease in the size of the crystal grains

d. Crystal grains become more similar in shape

c. A decrease in the size of the crystal grains

What type of tectonic stress would you most likely expect rocks to experience along a transform boundary?

a. Compression

b. Tension

c. Shear

c. Shear

What are the metamorphic conditions for rocks in the interior of an oceanic plate descending a subduction zone ?

a. High temperature, high pressure

b. High temperature, low pressure

c. Low temperature, high pressure

d. Low temperature, low pressure

c. Low temperature, high pressure

hich of the following rocks would you expect to form if you subjected shale to high grade metamorphism?

a. Slate

b. Quartzite

c. Phyllite

d. Gneiss

e. Marble

f. Schist

d. Gneiss

Which of the following rocks would you expect to form if you subjected sandstone to high grade metamorphism?

a. Slate

b. Quartzite

c. Phyllite

d. Gneiss

e. Marble

f. Schist

b. Quartzite

Different metamorphic rocks form under different temperature and pressure conditions.

Which list best ranks the rock types from lowest to highest temperature and pressure conditions?

a. Schist, Slate, Gneiss, Phyllite

b. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

c. Phyllite, Gneiss, Slate, Schist

d. Gneiss, Schist, Phyllite, Slate

b. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

The graph illustrates how the temperature changed with time for part of the rock cycle. Which of the following processes is best represented by the graph?

a. Sediment is lithified to form sedimentary rock.

b. Sedimentary rock is converted to metamorphic rock.

c. Metamorphic rock is uplifted to Earth's surface.

d. Magma cools to form plutonic igneous rock.

e. Sedimentary rock is converted to magma.

b. Sedimentary rock is converted to metamorphic rock.

The graph illustrates how the temperature changed with time for part of the rock cycle. Which of the following processes is best represented by the graph?

a. Magma forms a plutonic igneous rock that is then uplifted to Earth's surface

b. Sediment is lithified to form sedimentary rock and then metamorphosed

c. Magma cools to form a volcanic igneous rock that is melted to form new magma

d. Plutonic igneous rocks are uplifted and then weathered to form sediments

e. Sediment is lithified to sedimentary rock that is then weathered to form new sediment

c. Magma cools to form a volcanic igneous rock that is melted to form new magma

Made of minerals

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Coal, coral, and chalk are examples of

Sedimentary rocks

Solidify under conditions of decreasing temperature

Igneous rocks

Form under conditions of increasing heat and pressure

sedimentary and metamorphic

Can form as a result of crystallization

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

May undergo weathering at Earth's surface to form sediment

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

May be composed of small grains or crystals

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Which type of natural hazard is more likely to have historically resulted in large numbers of casualties and extensive damages?

a. Earthquakes

b. Volcanic eruptions

a. Earthquakes

Which map best represents the distribution of large earthquakes?

A

B

C

D

D

What type of fault is represented by the figure?

a. Normal

b. Reverse

c. Strike-Slip

a. Normal

X is located on...

a. The footwall of a normal fault

b. The hanging wall of a normal fault

c. The footwall of a reverse fault

d. The hanging wall of a reverse fault

b. The hanging wall of a normal fault

What type of movement occurred on the San Andreas fault?

a. right-lateral strike slip

b. left-lateral strike-slip

c. left-lateral dip-slip

d. right-lateral dip slip

a. right-lateral strike slip

If the San Andreas fault moves 500 cm (5 meters) per big earthquake, and plate movement is 2.5 cm/year (0.025 m/year): How many years of plate motions must accumulate to produce one big earthquake?

a. 20 years

b. 200 years

c. 2000 years

b. 200 years

2.5 cm x 200 years = 500 cm per big earthquake

Along what types of boundaries do we see our largest earthquakes occurring?

a. divergent

b. ocean-ocean convergent

c. continent-continent convergent

d. ocean-continent convergent

d. ocean-continent convergent

What type of faults are present in this outcrop?

a. Normal

b. Reverse

c. Strike-Slip

a. Normal

This drainage ditch has been offset by what type of fault?

a. Normal fault

b. Reverse fault

c. Right-lateral strike slip fault

d. Left-lateral strike slip fault

d. Left-lateral strike slip fault

Which of the lines represent strike for the surface illustrated below?

a. a, b, c, d, e

b. f only

c. a and c

d. e only

e. e and f

d. e only

The point on a fault where movement originated to trigger an earthquake is known as the ....

a. epicenter

b. strike

c. hypocenter/focus

c. hypocenter/focus

Examine the seismogram and identify the position on the graph that represents the arrival of the first S waves? Click on the letter.

B

What type of earthquake hazard was responsible for this situation?

a. Tsunami

b. Landslide

c. Elevation change

d. Liquefaction

d. Liquefaction

What is the major type of volcanoes that make up Hawaii

a. Shield volcano

b. Cinder cone

c. Composite volcano

d. Lava dome

a. Shield volcano

If a shield volcano and a composite volcano formed with the same width, which volcano would be taller?

a. Shield volcano

b. Composite volcano

b. Composite volcano

iven the same volume of magma, which type of volcano would have a more dangerous/violent eruption?

a. Shield volcano

b. Composite volcano

b. Composite volcano

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Associated with subduction zones:

Composite

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

An example is Mount St. Helens

Composite

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Largest volcanoes on the planet:

Shield

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Pyroclastic flows are likely to occur during an eruption

composite

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Pose the greatest danger to human life:

Composite

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Found in Hawaii

Shield

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Mostly produce lava

Shield

write "composite", "shield", or "both"

Magma in this volcano may have formed from partial melting of mantle rock

Shield and Composite

Which of these statements is true? (more than one answer)

a. Felsic magmas have higher viscosity than mafic magmas

b. Mafic magmas have higher viscosity than felsic magmas

c. Magma from shield volcanoes has relatively low viscosity

d. The viscosity of magma is determined by the amount of silica in the magma

a. Felsic magmas have higher viscosity than mafic magmas

c. Magma from shield volcanoes has relatively low viscosity

d. The viscosity of magma is determined by the amount of silica in the magma

Geologists discover two rocks that were both originally formed as lava. Rock A is dark-colored, rock B is light-colored. Which rock formed from lava with the higher viscosity?

a. Rock A

b. Rock B

c. No difference

b. Rock B