Teori Behavioristik (Behavioristic Theory)

Vocabulary flashcards covering the core concepts, key figures, and principles of behavioristic learning theory, including classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) and operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner).

Behavioristic Learning Theory

A learning theory aimed at understanding human behavior using objective, mechanistic, and materialistic approaches, asserting that changes in behavior can be achieved through conditioning efforts.

Classic Conditioning

A learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs, wherein an original/unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus are repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus to produce a desired reaction.

Classical Conditioning Stages (Pavlov)

The conditioning process where an unconditioned stimulus (food) that naturally causes an unconditioned response (salivation) is paired with a neutral stimulus (tuning fork), transforming the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (salivation).

Extinction

The elimination of a conditional reflex that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being followed by the unconditioned stimulus (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014).

Generalization

The occurrence where a conditioned response is also elicited by a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Differentiation

The process that occurs when an organism learns to distinguish between different presented stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

A form of learning developed by B.F. Skinner in which the critical mechanism is the immediate reinforcement of a response.

Antecedent (A)

In Skinner's operant conditioning framework, it refers to the environment or situational context in which a behavior occurs.

Behavior (B)

In Skinner's operant conditioning framework, the specific action or response carried out by an individual without external interference.

Consequence (C)

In Skinner's operant conditioning framework, the outcome or effect resulting from the behavior executed in a given situation.

Operant Discrimination

A consequence of a differential reinforcement history where an individual is reinforced for responding to certain environmental elements but not others; Skinner stated it is an outcome of reinforcement history rather than an inherent personal ability.

Stimulus Generalization (Operant)

Responding to a similar environmental situation without prior reinforcement in that specific context.

Positive Reinforcement

A consequence where a positive or pleasant stimulus is added to a situation following a response, thereby increasing the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Negative Reinforcement

A consequence where an unpleasant or negative stimulus is removed or subtracted following a response, thereby increasing the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Positive Punishment

The presentation or addition of an unpleasant or negative stimulus following a behavior, intended to decrease that behavior.

Negative Punishment

The removal or subtraction of a pleasant or positive stimulus following a behavior, intended to decrease that behavior.

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a fixed, specific number of responses, producing a fast response rate typically followed by a rest pause after reinforcement.

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable, varying number of responses around a fixed average, resulting in a very high response rate that is highly resistant to extinction.

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is given for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed, causing response rates to increase as the end of the interval approaches (known as a 'scallop' pattern).

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

A reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered for responses after varying time intervals with a fixed average, producing a stable, moderate response rate that is difficult to extinguish.