INTS 100 exam 1

Sociology vs Social psychology

-Sociology focuses on groups

-Social psychology focuses on individuals

Need to belong

All humans feel happy when around other people

Hypotheses

A potential explantion/educated guess that can be tested through research

Research confederates

Someone working with the researcher in a research but is participating in the research

Attitudes

A way of thinking about a target that if often reflected in a person’s behavior

Sterotypes

A mental process using information shortcuts about a group to effectively navigate social situations

Prejudice

An emotion toward people based on their group membership

Discrimination

A behavior that advantages or disadvantages people based on their group membership

Obedience

Following the main groups behavior and actions

Conformity

Changing you attitude or behavior to fit in

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange of goods or services

Social cognition

The way people processs and apply information about others

The fundamental attribution error

The tendency to emphasize someones personality when describing there motives and behaviors and overlooking the influence of situational factors

Social construction

Society of socially constructing through human interactions

Social norms

We create social norms through social interactions

Habitualization

Society is created by humans and human interaction, any action that is repeated becomes a pattern

Institutionalization

Implanting a convention or norm into society

Thomas theorem

-Peoples behavior can be determined by their subjective construction or reality rather than by objective reality

Self fulfilling prophecy

A false idea can become true if it is acted upon

symbolic interactions

Society is constucted by how people interact with one another

-Interpeting symbols in daily interactions

Status

Describes the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences based on their rank and role in society

Achieved status

Statuses obtained by choice

EX) being a student

Ascribed status

Statuses you do not select

Role set

Someone has multiple roles and statuses

Dramaturgical approach

Life is a performance, we act differently around different people and present ourselves differently depending on the social situation (backstage and on stage)

Impression management

We present ourselves to others how we hope to be perceived

Looking glass self

We try to see ourselves from the perspectives of others and evaluate ourselves based off that

Roles

Patterns of behaviors that people see in one another that show their social status

Role conflict

Someones roles overlap with another role

EX) Someone is having a child and will need to go on maternity leave which can cause them to not be able to get a promotion

Role performance

How someone expresses their roles

Role strain

They have roles that are too much

-A parent needs to work but also cook, clean, take their kids to school

Autobiographical reasoning

As we get older we express ourselfves through storytelling by sharing our experiences and being able to find a theme from them

Identity

Identity is reflexive and changes over time

Narrative identity

Starting at adolescence people begin making stories that change the past and imagine the future or explaining the person is becoming into

Redemptive narratives

Life stories that talk about we overcame a situation and improved from it

Reflexivity

The self reflects back on itself

-”I” is who you see yourself/action

-”Me” is who you appear yourself to others as

Motivated agent

The sense of self as an intentional force that strives to achieve goals, plans, values, projects

Social actor

Someones sense of self as an emvodied actor whose social performaces are constructed by self ascribed traits and social roles

Self esteem

A person feels they are worthy/good

Social reputation

Someones traits and goal that make who they are

The “I” vs the “Me”

-”I” is the self as knower, works on themselves

-”Me” is known, the object/tarket of the “I”’s work

Theory of Mind

Realizing that people have minds and goals, and that those goals motivate their behavior

-Occurs to children by age 4

Upward social comparison

Comparing ourselves to someone better than us

Downward social comparison

Comparing ourselves to someone worse than ourselves

Lateral social comparison

Comparing yourself to people at the same level as you

Reflective appraisals

How we imgaine others percieve us and we think thats how they see us

Ascribed roles

Roles you are born into

Achieved roles

Roles you have choosen/achieved

schemas

Availability heuristics

Representativeness heuristics

Planning fallacy

Affective forecasting

Automaticity

Chameleon effect

Self protecting biases

Overconfidence

Better than average

Blind spot

Confirmation bias

Belief perseverance

Hot cognition

Motivated skepticism

Explicit attitudes

Implicit attitudes

Cognitive dissonance

Formation of attitudes through classical conditioning

Formation of attitudes through operant conditioning

Mere exposure effect

Validity effect

Jacinta beliefs that people who are military veterans are all brave, honorable, and respectable. She tends to treat them with an enhanced sense of consideration, and thanks them for their service whenever she can. These beliefs represent a(n) ________ that Jacinta has for veterans.

Attitude

Mitsue notices that all of the girls in her 6^th
grade class are wearing ribbons in their hair lately, and even though she doesn't really like the ribbons she starts wearing one too so that she can be like her friends. Mitsue is engaging in a form of social influence called ________.

Conformity

Jessica thinks the guy who cut her off on the freeway is a jerk. When she needs to exit she cuts off the driver next to her as she switches lanes. She does not believe that she, herself, is a jerk; instead, she thinks the situation led to her behavior. This is an example of ___

The fundamental attribution error

In her research on social interactions, Dr. Fisher anticipates that people of the same racial background will interact more with each other than they will with people of different races. She then conducts research to test this idea. Dr. Fisher's prediction is an example of a(n) ________.

Hypothesis

Which of the following provides evidence that the need to belong is a fairly universal human tendency?

Even people who are described as introverts report being happier when they are in social situations.

Social psychologists are likely to focus on the power of _________________ to guide behavior.

situations

When Simon travels to Japan for a business meeting with a potential customer, he spends a lot of time reading about appropriate behaviors. He wants to learn the way to properly greet his customer when they meet. Simon is learning about: ____

Cultural norms

On the first day of college, Kelly gets to her classroom and finds an empty desk. She sits quietly when the teacher arrives, making sure to have her notebook and pen ready to take notes. These behaviors are ______ that Kelly has learned from being a student.

Habits

n Kara's country, people have become very distrustful that their votes are counted. As a result, they do not vote. In this situation, the citizens' belief that they do not live in a democracy has become ____

a self-fulfilling prophecy

When beliefs such as the idea that one race is superior to another race become part of laws and policy, therefore treating people differently based on their race, the socially constructed idea of race becomes ______________.

institutionalized

Louis gets scared at night that there is a monster under his bed, and runs into his parents' room to sleep. Even though there is no actual monster, Louis's belief still impacts his behavior (and his parents' sleep!). This is an example of ________________.

the Thomas theorem

What does it mean when psychologists say that the “I” is perceiving the “me”?

The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target.

Johnny and his family are watching TV. One of Johnny’s favorite shows comes on so he gets up and sits in front of the TV to be closer to the screen, not realizing he is blocking the screen for the rest of his family. From this example, what is Johnny most likely still developing?

theory of mind

Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?

expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride