PAIN

PAIN

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential

tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.

fine or penalty

Came from the latin word “ POENA” means

suffering, hardships

French word “PEINE” which means

Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT)

How to measure pain?

Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT)

is a clinical chart that helps healthcare providers measure and quantify a patient's pain level.

Site

Onset

Character

Radiation

Associated Pain

Time course

Exacerbating factors

Severity

what do you mean by SOCRATES pain assessment acronym

NRS- Numeric Rating Scale

A scale from 0 to 10, where 0 means "no pain" and 10 means "worst pain imaginable" or the worst pain possible. It is the most commonly used tool in clinical care.

VAS- Visual Analog Scale

A 10 cm horizontal line anchored by "no pain" at one end and "maximum pain" at the other. The patient marks their level of pain on the line, and aclinician measures the distance with a ruler.

VRS- Verbal Rating Scale

 Patients choose descriptive words (such as not at all, a little, quite a bit, a lot, or mild, moderate, severe) to rate their discomfort

No pain (0)

Mild pain (1–3)

Moderate pain (4–6)

Severe pain (7–9)

Very severe / Worst possible pain (10)

it is A standard VRS lists ordered words representing increasing levels of discomfort:

Faces pain scale

A series of cartoon or photograph faces showing expressions from happy (no pain) to tearful and distressed (worst pain), often used for children or patients with communication

by Duration

• Acute

• Chronic

by Mechanism and Origin

• Nociceptive Pain

• Neuropathic Pain

• Nociplastic

Classifcation of Pain

Nociceptive Pain

The most common type, caused by actual or potential damage to body tissues that activates specialized nerve endings called nociceptors

Neurophatic Pain

Caused by damage, dysfunction, or misfiring in the nervous system itself. It often feels like burning, freezing, tingling, numbness, or sharp electric shocks. Examples include diabetic neuropathy or sciatica

Nociplastic Pain

Pain that arises from altered nociception or a malfunctioning "alarm system" in the central nervous system, even without clear tissue or nerve damage (common in fibromyalgia or tension headaches)

Acute

Chronic

Central

Phantom

Psychogenic

What are the types of Pain? (5)

Acute Pain

• Sharp and severe

• lasts for less than 3-6 months

Somatic Pain

arises from nociceptive receptors originating in the skin or close to the surface of the body like muscles, joints, bones or connective tissue.

Visceral Pain

It is dull, deep, squeezing, cramping, poorly localized because of the low number of nociceptors.

Visceral Pain

Pain that arises from body organs.

Reffered pain

perceived in an area distant from the site of the stimuli.

Chronic Pain

• prolonged pain / Persistent Pain

• lasting longer than 3 or 6 months

Recurrent Acute Pain

characterized by relatively well-defined episodes of pain interspersed with pain-free episodes.

Ongoing time limited pain

identified by a defined time period.

Chronic Non Malignant Pain

• non-life threatening pain

• persists beyond the expected time for healing

Central pain

related to a lesion in the brain

Central pain

may spontaneously produce high frequency bursts of impulses that are perceived

as pain.

Thalamic Pain

what is the most common type of Central pain?

Phantom Pain

A confusing pain syndrome that occurs following surgical or traumatic amputation of

limb.

Phantom Pain

 The client experiences pain in the missing body part even though there is complete

mental awareness that the limb is gone

Psychogenic Pain

Experienced in the absence of any diagnosed physiologic event or cause

Psychogenic Pain

may be caused by increased mental, emotional and behavioral factors.

Behavioral Therapy

usually as part of an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary program

TENS- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

might help with diabetic neuropathy

Light therapy

low level laser therapy

Acupuncture

 involves the insertion and manipulation of needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

helps patients with pain to understand the relationship between one's physiology,thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Hypnosis

An artificially induced altered state of consciousness, characterized

by heightened suggestibility and receptivity to direction; A sleeplike condition

Pain Threshold

Point along a curve of perception of increasing perception at which

the pain begins to be felt. (subjective)

Pain tolerance

the maximum level of pain that a patient can tolerate.

Analgesics

block or decrease sensitivity to pain