Mariahs Flash Cards

Mariahs Flash Cards

COVID-19 is caused by what virus?

SARS-CoV-2.

AIDS is caused by what virus?

HIV.

Which virus is associated with latency?

Herpes Virus.

Which virus commonly causes liver disease?

Hepatitis B Virus.

Which virus causes hemorrhagic fever?

Ebola Virus.

Which virus causes seasonal epidemics?

Influenza Virus.

Which virus can cause paralysis?

Polio Virus.

Which virus is almost always fatal after symptoms develop?

Rabies Virus.

Which virus is associated with cervical cancer?

HPV.

Which vaccine prevents measles?

MMR vaccine.

What determines a virus's host range?

Its ability to bind host-cell receptors.

What determines viral specificity?

Interactions between viral proteins and host receptors.

What is the first step in viral infection?

Attachment.

What is the second step in viral infection?

Entry.

What happens during uncoating?

The viral genome is released.

What happens during synthesis?

New viral genomes and proteins are produced.

What happens during assembly?

New virions are formed.

What happens during release?

Viruses leave the host cell.

How do naked viruses usually exit a cell?

Cell lysis.

How do enveloped viruses usually exit a cell?

Budding.

What is the advantage of being a naked virus?

Greater environmental stability.

What is the disadvantage of being a naked virus?

Less efficient entry into host cells.

What is the advantage of being an enveloped virus?

Better cell entry and immune evasion.

What is the disadvantage of being an enveloped virus?

Sensitive to disinfectants and drying.

Why are viruses not considered living?

They cannot reproduce independently.

Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites?

They require a host cell to reproduce.

What makes antiviral treatment difficult?

Viruses use host-cell machinery.

What is selective toxicity?

Targeting the pathogen without harming the host.

Why is selective toxicity harder to achieve with viruses?

Viruses rely heavily on host-cell functions.

What is the main function of DNA?

Store genetic information.

What is the main function of RNA?

Assist in protein synthesis.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is genetic makeup while phenotype is observable traits.

What is the purpose of a promoter?

Provide a binding site for RNA polymerase.

Why is DNA considered antiparallel?

Its strands run in opposite directions.

What is the purpose of hydrogen bonds in DNA?

Hold complementary strands together.

What is the purpose of a plasmid?

Carry extra genetic information in bacteria.

What is the purpose of mutation?

Create genetic variation.

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Gene transfer between unrelated organisms.

What is vertical gene transfer?

Gene transfer from parent to offspring.

What is reverse transcription?

Production of DNA from RNA.

What happens first during DNA replication?

DNA strands are separated by helicase.

What enzyme begins DNA replication?

Primase.

What molecule provides the template during replication?

Parental DNA.

Why are RNA primers needed?

DNA polymerase cannot start synthesis on its own.

What is the final result of replication?

Two identical DNA molecules.

What happens first during transcription?

RNA polymerase binds the promoter.

What is the template for transcription?

DNA.

What is the product of transcription?

RNA.

Why is transcription necessary?

DNA cannot directly build proteins.

What happens to RNA after transcription in eukaryotes?

It is processed and spliced.

What happens first during translation?

The ribosome binds mRNA.

What molecule carries amino acids?

tRNA.

Replication

Copying DNA before cell division.

Transcription

Making RNA from DNA.

Translation

Making protein from RNA.

Transduction

DNA transfer by virus.

Transformation

Uptake of naked DNA.

Conjugation

DNA transfer through direct contact.

Genetics

Study of heredity.

Genome

All genetic material.

Genes

DNA segments coding for traits/proteins.

DNA

Stores genetic information.

RNA

Used in gene expression.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids.

Hydrogen bond

Holds complementary bases together.

Antiparallel

DNA strands run opposite directions.

Plasmid

Small circular bacterial DNA.

Mutation

Change in DNA sequence.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Transfer between non-parent organisms.

Vertical Gene Transfer

Transfer from parent to offspring.

Reverse Transcription

Making DNA from RNA.

Genotype

Genetic makeup.

Phenotype

Observable traits.

Ribosome

Protein synthesis site.

Codon

3-base mRNA sequence.

Anticodon

3-base tRNA sequence.

Promoter

RNA polymerase binding site.

Start codon

AUG.

Stop codon

Ends translation.

Naked DNA

DNA free in environment.

Competent Cell

Cell able to take up DNA.

Nucleotide Components

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.

RNA vs. DNA Nucleotides

RNA contains ribose and uracil; DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine.

Base Pair

Two complementary nitrogen bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

Complementary Base Pairing Rules

A-T and C-G in DNA; A-U and C-G in RNA.

Six DNA Replication Proteins

Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, Ligase, Topoisomerase, Single-Strand Binding Proteins.

Leading Strand

Synthesized continuously.

Lagging Strand

Synthesized in fragments because DNA polymerase works only 5 to 3 direction.

RNA Polymerase vs. DNA Polymerase

RNA polymerase makes RNA; DNA polymerase makes DNA.

Splicing

Removing introns and joining exons.

mRNA

Carries instructions.

tRNA

Delivers amino acids.

rRNA

Forms ribosome.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Replication Site

Occurs in cytoplasm in prokaryotes versus nucleus in eukaryotes.

Virus

Obligate intracellular parasite.

Nucleic Acid Core

Viral DNA or RNA that stores viral genetic information.