i will make mr.page proud; chapter 7

node

node

a point or plane of zero electron density in an orbital

orbital

an area of high probability for finding an electron

photon

a photon is a tiny particle that comprises waves of electromagnetic radiation/a particle of light

isoelectronic

having the same number of electrons (same electron configuration)

ground state

the ground state of an electron, the energy level it normally occupies, is the state of lowest energy for that electron

excited state

when an electron temporarily occupies an energy state greater than its ground state

quanta

***discrete packets of energy***

shielding effect

the decrease in the nucleus's force of attraction on valence electrons due to the existence of electrons in the inner shells

penetration effect

when an electron penetrates the electron cloud of its first orbital and experiences the nucleus more fully as it is less shielded by the intervening electrons.

atomic radius

1/2 the distance between two nuclei of two like atoms in a solid crystal

electronegativity

the attraction between an atom’s shared pair of electrons and its positive nucleus

ionization energy

the energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of a gaseous state

electron affinity

energy change for adding an electron to an atom in a gaseous state

frequency

the number of waves that pass a given point per second.

wavelength

The distance between two adjacent crests of a wave

core electrons

those occupying the innermost or lowest energy shell of an atom

valence electrons

an electron in the outer shell of an atom that can participate in chemically bonding with other atoms

energy level

fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found

Heisenberg uncertainty Priniciple

you can’t know both the momentum and the location of an electron at the same time

Pauli Exclusion Principle

each electron in an atom has an exclusive set of 4 quantum numbers

Hund’s Rule

ff orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital one at a time and with the same spin until all orbitals contain one electron

aufbau

as protons are added, electrons are similarly added in order to these hydrogen-like orbitals

Planck’s

observed glowing solids. related frequency to energy.

Bohr

said that electrons move in definite orbits about the nucleus. Determined mathematical explanation for hydrogen's line emission spectrum

Einstein

photoelectric effect; light has properties of waves and particles

De Broglie

particles (electrons) have properties of waves

schrodinger

Used mathematical expression called a wave function to determine areas in which there is a high probability of finding an electron (orbital)