intro to comm disorders test 1

articulators

the parts of the body in the vocal tract that shape airflow from the lungs into distinct speech sounds

ex. the lips move to round, protrude, or close to shape sounds like B and P

expressive language

the ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning

initiation of joint attention

ability to use direction of gaze or point to direct attention of others

intelligibility

the ability to understand the words that someone else is producing

interprofessional practice

Two or more professions working together as a team with a common purpose.

morphology

Making new words by adding small units of language

ex. play + s=plays

pragmatics

Language in social situations

ex. greeting a person when you meet them

receptive language

the ability to understand and process spoken, written, or nonverbal communication with others.

response to joint attention

following a social partners initiation to direct attention to an object or event

semantics

what words mean; the vocabulary of language

Ex. bark can mean the thing on a tree or the sound dogs make

syntax

How to put words together In a sentence that follows a set of rules

voiced

a sound produced with vocal fold vibration

voiceless

a sound produced without vocal fold vibration

communication

A process through which you send (encoder) messages to and receive messages (decoder) from others.

communicative competency

ability to manage all parts of communication to convey andunderstand messages

linguistic competency

Use of vocabulary and grammar

aspects of linguistic

oral, written, and sign language

aspects of non linguistic

body language, facial expressions, eye contact, proxemics, and gesture

speech

A verbal means of communicating. The physical act of producing voice, speech sounds, fluent sentences, intonation, rate, and stress.

what are the three speech elements?

voice, articulation, and fluency

Language

a socially shared code for representing concepts or ideas

3 modalities of language

speaking and listening (oral)

reading and writing (written)

signing (gestural)

5 domains of language

Pragmatics, morphology, syntax, phonology, and semantics

phonology

how sounds come together to form syllables

What is communication?

Intentional or unintentional verbal or nonverbal behavior that influences the ideas, thoughts, or behaviors of another person.

What forms does communication disorder take?

Congenital conditions acquired conditions, and organic communication disorders

Congenital conditions

Present at or before birth

ex. cleft palate, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy

acquired condition

Present after birth

ex. aphasia caused by a stroke, vocal cord damage caused by surgery, a car crash that results in brain damage

organic condition

A speech, voice, or language problem: neurological or physiological cause - not based on time, like the other two

ex. aphasia and cleft palate bc there is clear and measurable damage

What is a communication disorder?

Suggests that an individual has a deficit in speech, language, and/or communication

language

socially shared CODE for representing concepts or ideas

impairment

Loss of function or a difference in structure that impedes communication

ex. deaf people can have a hard time communicating

disability

Inability to function in expected daily activities

ex. a person who is blind can't drive

disorder

How much support is needed for a person to be able to engage in daily activities

ex., a person without a limb needs a prosthetic or a wheelchair to move

communication difference

A child communicates in a way that is different than what you expect

ex. if English is the child's second language they might not be as fluid or have an accent

cultural considerations

Considering differences in incidence and access to care for communication disorders across cultures.

ex. There is a greater number of communication disorders in male children vs. female children. The percentage of communication disorders is greater in Black than in White children and slightly less in Hispanic children, but the services Black and Hispanic children receive are fewer.

Career pathways for audiologists?

Healthcare, early intervention and schools, colleges and universities, and private practice.

ex. educate patients about how to use their hearing aids

Career pathways for SLP

Health care, early intervention, schools, colleges and universities, and private practice

ex., in early intervention, they provide parent training to support early language development

What is ASHA?

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

what do SLPs do?

Assess and treat speech and language and swallowing disorders

what do audiologists do?

Use science and technology to prevent, identify, diagnose, and treathearing, balance, and other auditory disorders

What is the difference between an SLP/Audiologist and a SLPA/Audiology assistant?

An SLP or Audiologist is a fully licensed professional, whereas an SLPA or Audiology assistant operates under their direct supervision.

Articulation

the way we form sounds to produce words

What kind of disorder is dysphagia? Define it swell

swallowing; the persistent difficulty swallowing foods, liquid, or saliva

expressive language

what a person says

receptive language

what a person understands

neurodiverse

a group of people where multiple variations in human brain function and behavior coexist.

What is person-first language and why is it important?

Communication disorder is a descriptor, not a person's primary attribute. It establishes them as a person first rather than just a disability.

ex. "Child with language disorder"not "language-disordered child"

what is identity-first language?

Identity stated first

ex. Autistic person

How do you know if you should use Identity-first or Person-first?

Ask the person what they prefer

Name some types of disabilities

Communication disorders • Developmental disabilities • Mental health challenges • Neurological disabilities • Physical disabilities • Sensory disabilities • Chronic illness • Invisible disabilities

Define "normal"

conforming to a type, standard, or regular pattern characterized by that which is considered usual, typical or routine

ableism

discrimination or prejudice against individuals with disabilities

Medical Model of Disability

Disability has occurred from a specifichealth condition or disease

Social Model of Disability

Disability occurs due to the inaccessibility of an environment

ICF model of disability

Combines social and medical model by highlighting how a health condition or disease interacts with the environment (positively and negatively)

What is social referencing, and how does it contribute to or combat social stigmas?

Social referencing is when children learn how to respond to novel stimuli by observing a trusted adult. Adults can either dismantle social stigmas by normalizing diverse experiences or entrench them by reducing individuals to tropes or deficits.

invisible disability

A disability not immediately noticed by the naked eye, it may be mental or emotional

Intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Independent living movement

served to support disabled people by providing them with the independence to begin to make their own decisions about medical care and about the services they should receive for themselves.

deinstitutionalized movement

said that disabled people were being denied basic human rights and freedoms when they were sentenced to live in institutions.

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act - passed in 1975 and modified in 2004

Universal model

all people are at risk of becoming disabled at any time, so the environment should be structured as accessible to everyone

internalized ableism

when an individual with a disability internalizes the negative societal stereotypes and it impacts his/her healthy psychological functioning

curb cut phenomenon

physical structures and systems are modified so they can become accessiblefor disabled people and benefit non-disabled people

paralinguitic

vocal quality, stress, intonation, and prosody

joint attention

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

Prelinguistic period

before language develops and where speech develops

first sounds to develop

vowels then consonants

contributing factors to inteligibility

linguistic context and the communicative partner's experience listening to the child.

What kinds of words make up early vocabulary?

single syllable words

morpheme

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

ex. play+s= plays bat+s=bats

How can pragmatics change in different contexts?

People change their language and tone depending on the environment and the person they are speaking to.

ex., talking to a baby vs. and adult

form, content, use

Form: Morphology, Phonology, Syntax

Content: Semantics

Use: Pragmatics

features of late talkers language

Use fewer words and word combinations for their age

formal and informal assessment + benefits and disadvantages

Creating a standard testing environment for all children without giving them feedback or support, leading to a score that compares a child's performance to that of others at a particular point in time

flaw: lack of info an SLP will gather on a child's speech and language in more natural context

What happens to children who can't outgrow a communication delay?

They exhibit fewer gestures, less pretend play, behavior challenges, etc.

At what stage of the breath cycle do we speak?

exhalation

function of the ribcage

Structural Frame for Respiration

Intercostal muscles

muscles between the ribs

where is the diaphragm

Under the lungs

what is the diaphragm shaped like?

a dome

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

O2 goes into the blood when we breath in and CO2 leaves when we breath out

larynx

voice box

voice mechanism of the larynx

valve that opens and closes, allowing air to pass through to facilitate the sound we use for speech

biological function of the larynx

closes the trachea so that food and other substances can't get into the lungs

what is inferior to the larynx

trachea

hyoid bone

suspends the larynx

Name some cartilages the larynx is composed of.

thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages

functions of the muscles in the larynx

add support & stabilization of the structure, abduct and adduct the vocal cord, modify pitch & loudness

glottis

Opening between vocal folds usually v shaped

where are the vocal folds at rest?

in a V shape

where are the vocal folds during phonation?

spread a part

what does the Bernoulli effect do?

this is what makes our vocal folds close

pitch

actual rate of vocal fold vibration, tension thickening and elasticity of the vocal folds.

How does pitch relate to frequency?

A high-pitched sound has a high vibration frequency, while a low-pitched sound has a low vibration frequency.

fundamental frequency

the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate

loudness

influenced by the amount of subglottal air pressure below the vocal folds

how does loudness relate to intensity?

greater subglottal air pressure causes higher phonation intensity

intensity

Physical power, amplitude, or acoustic energy of the speech signal, which we perceptually hear as loudness.