Human Dev - Exam 3 (6 and 7)

mental operations

cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

deductive reasoning

drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-operational thought

working memory

type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly

long-term memory

permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity

organization

as applied to children’s memory, a strategy in which information to be remembered is structured so that related information is placed together

elaboration

memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable

metamemory

person’s informal understanding of memory includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies

metacognitive knowledge

a person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes

cognitive self-regulation

skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students

emotional intelligence

ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily

analytic ability

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions

creative ability

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems

practical ability

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work

wisdom

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, balancing one’s interests with the interests of other people and society generally

mental age (MA)

in intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s

intelligence quotient (IQ)

mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score

culture-fair intelligence tests

intelligence tests devised using items common to many cultures

stereotype threat

an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong

divergent thinking

thinking in novel and unusual directions

intellectual disability

substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18

learning disability

when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject

word recognition

the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters

comprehension

the process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words

phonological awareness

the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters

knowledge-telling strategy

writing down information as it is retrieved from memory, a common practice for young writers

knowledge-transforming strategy

deciding what information to include and how best to organize it to convey a point

socialization

teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children

authoritative parenting

style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children

permissive parenting

style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children

uninvolved parenting

style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor control and minimize the time they spend with their children

direct instruction

telling a child what to do, when, and why

counterrimitation

learning what should not be done by observing the behavior

reinforcement

consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future

punishment

application of an aversive stimulus (e.g., a spanking) or removal of an attractive stimulus (e.g., TV viewing)

time-out

punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment

negative reinforcement trap

unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage

open adoption

an adoption in which adopted children (and their adoptive families) communicate with the children’s birth family

joint custody

custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce

blended family

family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children

ego resilience

person’s ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations

friendship

voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking

co-rumination

conversations about one’s personal problems, common among adolescent girls

clique

small group of friends who are similar in age, secs, and race

crowd

large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values

dominance hierarchy

ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status

popular children

children who are liked by many classmates

rejected children

as applied to children’s popularity, children who are disliked by many classmates

controversial children

as applied to children’s popularity, children who are intensely liked or disliked by classmates

average children

as applied to children’s popularity, children who are liked and disliked by different classmates, but with relatively little intensity

neglected children

as applied to children’s popularity, children who are ignored—neither liked nor disliked—by their classmates

instrumental aggression

aggression used to achieve an explicit goal

hostile aggression

unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child

recursive thinking

thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking