chapter 17, 18 & 19

what are microorganism

microscopic organism; bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa

diseases are caused by

microorganisms

what is the ability to cause a disease

pathogens

what are examples of exotoxins

fever, nausea, vomiting and shock

what are cutaneous infections

hair, skin and nails

what is freedom from infection

asepsis

what is the absolute killing of all life forms

sterilization

what is the reduction in the numbers of infectious agents

medical asepsis

what is before, during and after surgery using sterile technique

surgical asepsis

HATs are nosocomial infections which mean

the patient does not have the infection upon entering a health care facility, but becomes infected while being treated at the institution

what is fomite

any type of inanimate object such as a door handle, wheelchair or radiology imaging plate

what is clostridium difficile

is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the colon. the symptoms are diarrhea and fever

once a MRSA has left its reservoir, it can survive on a dry object for as long as

7 months

what bacteria are found naturally in humans

staphylococci

what is a single-celled prokaryotic organisms lacking a membrane-bound nucleus. form colonies and can produce enfosporese resistant to environmental stress

bacteria

submicroscopic, obligate intracellular parasites containing RNA or DNA wrapped in a protein coat. cannot replicate without a host cell

viruses

eukaryotic organisms with cell walls contain chitin. can be dimorphic (existing as yeasts or filamentous molds)

fungi

complex single-celled eukaryotic organisms lacking cell walls; highly motile via flagella, cilia or pseudopods

protozoan parasites

barium sulfate suspension alone to fill colonic lumen

single-contrast barium enema

highly-density barium sulfate suspension combined with air/gas insufflation

double-contrast barium enema

a surgically created opening connecting the colon to the anterior abdominal wall for fecal evacuation

colostomy

what are examples of contact precautions

hand hygiene, gown and gloves

what are examples of droplet precautions

hand hygiene, masks

what are examples of airborne precautions

hand hygiene, negative pressure room, N-95 respirator mask

methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mycobacterium tuberculosis are clinical examples of what category of microorganisms

bacteria

Candida albicans and tines pedis belong to which microbial classification

fungi

when an infectious microbe attaches to mucosal surfaces such as the respiratory or GI tract via inhalation or ingestion without directly penetrating host tissue, it is known as

ingressive entry

the time interval between the initial entry of an infectious pathogen into a host and the first appearance of clinical disease symptoms is called the

incubation period

why are human hosts particularly favorable environments for microbial growth

humans maintain a constant body temperature of 37c., continuous nutrient supply, high moisture and neutral pH

an infection originating from an exogenous source is best defined as an infection:

originating from external environmental sources, vectors or other humans

an image receptor or positioning sponge that becomes contaminated with blood and transmits a pathogen to another patient is functioning as a

fomite

a trick or mosquito that carries Lyme disease or malaria from one host to another is acting as a

vector

an infection acquired by a patient while receiving care in a hospital facility that was neither present noe incubating upon admission is termed

nosocomial/ healthcare associated infection

an infection resulting directly from a physcians’s intervention or medial treatment (such as a catheter-associated UTI following catheter placement) is classified as

iatrogenic

how does the antibiotic penicillin act against susceptible bacterial pathogens

it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to osmotic lysis and cell death

what is the primary operational difference between asepsis and sterilization

asepsis prevents contact with or reduces microbes, whereas sterilization completely destroys all living microorganisms and bacterial spores

standard physical sterilization in a hospital setting utilizing steam under pressure as 121c or 250f is performed using a

autoclave

what is the single most effective practice in preventing the transmission and spread of infection in healthcare settings

proper hand hygiene

when recapping a needle is absolutely necessary, which technique MUST healthcare workers utilize

one-handed scoop technique

a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis requires what category of transmission-based precautions

contact precautions

during portable bedside radiography on a patient in contact isolation for MRSA, what is the role of the clean tech

manipulates the radiographic unit contrôle panel and unshilding image receptors without touching the patient

A disease spread by kissing is being transmitted by which of the following methods?

direct contact

A few days after a stereotactic breast biopsy performed by a radiologist in a breast imaging center, the patient returns to her physician with an obvious infection at the incision site. This is an example of a(n)

iatrogenic infection

a nosocomial infection is an

infection acquired in a hospital

A person who acts as a reservoir of pathogenic organisms is referred to as a carrier. An example of a carrier is a

friend who appears to be healthy and shows no signs of sickness.

any microorganism that causes diseases is

pathogenic

At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned, and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task, the radiographer is practicing

medical asepsis

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?

droplet

Lyme disease is a condition caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by

a vector

pathogenic organisms have the ability to

cause cellular and tissue damage, replicate and causes blockages to the flow of fluids and gases, and secrete endotoxins

Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?

bacteria

The chain of infection consists of

host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, and reservoir

The process of establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host is referred to as

infection

The single greatest measure that can be done to prevent the spread of infection is

proper hand washing technique

the spread of infection via contaminated food referenced is spread by

fomite

Two bloodborne pathogens of particular importance to hospital personnel are

hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV

When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?

vector

Which of the following is not a method of sterilization?

Question 21Select one:

a.

Autoclaving

b.

Moist heat

c.

Steam under pressure

d.

Hand washing

hand washing

what is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis

frequent hand washing

what radiographic imaging procedures requires full sterile technique (surgical asepsis)

angiography and central line placement

when opening a sterile package on a clean surface, in which direction should the FIRST flap be unfolded

away from your body

when adding sterile packaged supplies to one stablished sterile filed, items should be dropped onto the filed from approximately what height

6 inches

how should liquid solutions be poured onto a sterile filed container

hold the bottle 1 to 2 inches above the bowl, put slowly to avoid splashing and do not touch the container rim

how does a surgical hand scrub differ from regular handwashing

surgical scrubbing lasts 3 to 5 minutes, uses antimicrobial soap/scrub brush, and hands are held HIGHER than elbows at all costs

when performing self-gowning and closed gloving, where should the radiographers hands remain until the sterile gloves are picked

inside the sterile gown sleeve cuffs

according to the basic principles of sterile techniques, which portion of a sterile gown is considered sterile during a procedure

front of gown from chest/waist level to shoulder line and sleeves from 2 inches above elbow to cuffs

if an unsterile team member must move past a sterile field, what distance must they maintain from the sterile boundary

at least 1 foot (12 inches)

what rule applies is there is any doubt regarding whether an item or filed has remained sterile

consider it unsterile immediately and replace it

where should used contaminated surgical needles and scalpels be disposed of immediately after a sterile proceeder

puncture-resistant sharps container

If the sterility of an object is unknown, which of the following should be done?

consider the object unsterile and do not use it

If you suspect the radiologist has unknowingly contaminated his or her glove, which of the following should you do?

Make the radiologist aware of the possible contamination immediately

The goal of aseptic technique is to

protect the patient from pathogenic microbes.

The purpose of the inflatable balloon portion at the tip of the Foley catheter is to

hold the catheter within the bladder

Two people in sterile attire should pass each other in which of the following ways

back to back

When creating a sterile field, it is important for the imaging professional to

keep sterile gloves in sight and above the waist level

When establishing a sterile field using a sterile drape

all drape items must be clean and dry

When gowning and gloving for a sterile procedure, it is important to remember that

after gowning, the front of the gown down to the waist, and the sleeves are considered sterile

when gowning another person,

a nonsterile circulating person pulls up the gown and fastens the back and waistband

when handling a patient with a foley catheter in place

avoid kinks in the tubing and keep the drainage bag lower than the bladder.

when opening a sterile tray, your fingers

must never touch the inside of the tray

when performing portable radiography on neonatal infants,

aseptic techniques are especially important because of the infant's weak immune system.

When putting on a pair of sterile gloves using the self-gloving, open technique,

the first glove is picked up by the inside cuff with one hand, being careful not the touch the outside of the glove.

when using a portable C-arm for a surgical hip pinning,

sterility will be maintained using a "shower curtain" approach.

When using a portable fluoroscopy C-arm in surgery

the image receptor and C-arm are draped with a snap cover for sterility.

what should be examined first when a sterile package is used

expiration date

You are about to assist with a sterile procedure. In scrubbing for the procedure, it is important to

scrub the fingers completely, as well as the front and back of your hands, for 3 minutes.

plastic or rubber tubes inserted through the nasopharynx into the stomach is called

nasogastric tubes

permanent __________ are when a portion of the bowel has been removed

colostomies

what is the primary role of an x-ray technologist when handling a patient with a nasogastric (NG) tube

never apply traction/pulling to the tube, verify suction orders before transport, and obtain radiographs to verify placement as ordered

which bedpan design is specifically required for immobile, orthopedic or spinal trauma patients who cannot elevate their hips

fracture bedpan (flat, shallow tapered design)

what key post-procedure instruction MUST be given to a patient who has undergone a diagnostic procedure involving barium sulfate contrast

increase fluid intake immediately to prevent barium impaction, and expect white/light-colored stools for 24-72 hours

why is a double-contrast barium enema generally preferred over a single contrast BE for evaluating colonic mucosal disease

it uses air combined with high-density barium to distend the colon, providing superior mucosal detail to detect small polys and early lesions

when performing a barium enema on a patient with a colostomy, which specialized equipment tip MUST be used to prevent intestinal perforation

flexible cone tip catheter designed for stoma irrigation

NG tubes are inserted through the patient's _____ with the end of the tube placed in the _____.

nasopharynx; stomach

Performing fluoroscopic examinations of the colon are scheduled less often than before. The reason for this change in the clinical study of the colon includes

the sensitivity of colonoscopy has surpassed the results of barium contrast colon studies

Post-procedural care for patients who have had a colon examination should include

instructions for maintaining hydration, an increase in fluid intake and dietary fiber for a few days after the examination, and an awareness of the change in stool color to an ashen gray color and the importance of eliminating the barium during defecation

The administration of glucagon shortly before a double-contrast barium enema is intended to

relieve bowel spasm

The use of a water-soluble contrast agent such as Gastrografin for a colon examination is warranted for patients with

a possible bowel perforation

To allow tissue healing from a partial colon resection,

an external stoma is created to allow for defecation

To confirm the placement of an NG tube in its proper position, a physician may use

a syringe to remove gastric contents as proof and fluoroscopy for visualization