2. FCOM: National Healthcare situation & UHC

Question 1 What is meant by the Philippine National Health Situation?

The overall health status of the Filipino population as reflected by health indicators, healthcare resources, disease burden, and health policies.

Question 2 What are health indicators?

Quantifiable measures used to assess the health status of a population and the performance of a health system.

Question 3 Why are health indicators important?

They provide objective data for monitoring population health, identifying priority health problems, and evaluating health programs.

Question 4 Enumerate the major health indicators discussed in the lecture.

Life expectancy, birth rate, death rate, morbidity from specific diseases and environmental risk factors, social determinants of health, health infrastructure, disparity in health, health access, and health policies, programs, and legislation.

Question 5 Define life expectancy.

The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates remain constant.

Question 6 Why is life expectancy considered one of the best indicators of population health?

Because it reflects the combined effects of healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, socioeconomic status, and disease burden.

Question 7 How did life expectancy in the Philippines change from 2002 to 2020?

It increased from 66.2 years to 71.3 years.

Question 8 How does Philippine life expectancy compare with the global average?

It remains lower than the global average of 72.6 years.

Question 9 Define birth rate.

The number of live births occurring per 1,000 population in one year.

Question 10 Define death rate.

The number of deaths occurring per 1,000 population in one year.

Question 11 What is morbidity?

The frequency or occurrence of disease, illness, or health conditions within a population.

Question 12 How does morbidity differ from mortality?

Morbidity refers to illness or disease occurrence, whereas mortality refers to death.

Question 13 What are non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?

Chronic diseases that are not transmitted from person to person, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Question 14 What percentage of deaths in 2019 were attributed to non-communicable diseases in the Philippines?

71%.

Question 15 Which non-communicable diseases were identified as the leading causes of death?

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Question 16 Which infectious diseases remain major public health concerns in the Philippines?

Tuberculosis, dengue, and HIV/AIDS.

Question 17 Why does tuberculosis remain a major health concern in the Philippines?

Because of its high disease burden and continued transmission within the population.

Question 18 What is maternal mortality rate?

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a given period.

Question 19 Why is maternal mortality an important health indicator?

Because it reflects the quality of maternal healthcare, access to skilled birth attendants, and the overall effectiveness of the health system.

Question 20 How did infant mortality in the Philippines change between 2000 and 2020?

It decreased from 27 deaths per 1,000 live births to 14 deaths per 1,000 live births.

Question 21 What is population growth rate?

The rate at which the number of people in a population increases over a specified period, expressed as a percentage.

Question 22 Why is population growth rate an important health indicator?

Because it influences the demand for healthcare services, infrastructure, manpower, and government resources.

Question 23 How can rapid population growth affect the healthcare system?

It can strain healthcare facilities, increase demand for healthcare workers, and reduce access to quality healthcare.

Question 24 Define environmental risk factors.

Physical, chemical, biological, and social conditions in the environment that increase the likelihood of disease or injury.

Question 25 Why are environmental risk factors included among health indicators?

Because they significantly influence the health status and disease burden of a population.

Question 26 What is disease burden?

The overall impact of diseases and injuries on a population, measured by morbidity, mortality, disability, or economic cost.

Question 27 Differentiate communicable diseases from non-communicable diseases.

Communicable diseases are transmissible from one individual to another, whereas non-communicable diseases are not infectious and are usually chronic.

Question 28 Which category of disease accounts for most deaths in the Philippines according to the lecture?

Non-communicable diseases.

Question 29 Why do non-communicable diseases remain the leading cause of death despite advances in medicine?

Because of aging populations, unhealthy lifestyles, environmental exposures, and prolonged survival from infectious diseases.

Question 30 What does a decreasing infant mortality rate generally indicate about a country's healthcare system?

Improved maternal and child healthcare, better nutrition, increased immunization coverage, and improved public health services.

Question 31 What does a persistently high maternal mortality rate suggest about a health system?

Deficiencies in maternal healthcare services, emergency obstetric care, and access to skilled healthcare providers.

Question 32 Which health indicator best reflects the average survival of a population?

Life expectancy.

Question 33 Which health indicator measures the occurrence of disease?

Morbidity.

Question 34 Which health indicator measures the occurrence of death?

Mortality or death rate.

Question 35 Professor Question: A country reports increasing life expectancy but unchanged morbidity from chronic diseases. What does this most likely indicate?

People are living longer but continue to experience chronic illnesses due to improved disease management rather than disease prevention.

Question 36 Professor Question: Which health indicator would be most useful in determining the effectiveness of vaccination programs?

Morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Question 37 Professor Question: Which health indicator would best evaluate improvements in maternal healthcare programs?

Maternal mortality rate.

Question 38 Professor Question: A province has adequate hospitals but persistently high infant mortality. Which health indicator should be investigated first?

Health access and the quality of maternal and neonatal healthcare services.

Question 39 Professor Question: Which health indicator is most directly affected by socioeconomic development?

Life expectancy.

Question 40 Professor Question: A country's life expectancy increased while its birth rate decreased. What demographic transition does this most likely represent?

A transition toward an aging population with lower fertility and improved overall health outcomes

Question 41 What are the Social Determinants of Health (SDH)?

The non-medical factors that influence health outcomes and determine the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age.

Question 42 Why are Social Determinants of Health considered major contributors to health outcomes?

Because they influence health before disease develops and affect access to resources needed for good health.

Question 43 According to the lecture, what factors influence the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age?

Economic development, social norms, and politics.

Question 44 What is the primary difference between medical care and social determinants of health?

Medical care treats disease, whereas social determinants influence the risk of developing disease and overall health outcomes.

Question 45 Why is income considered a Social Determinant of Health?

Because it affects an individual's ability to obtain food, housing, education, healthcare, and other necessities for good health.

Question 46 How does education influence health outcomes?

It improves health literacy, employment opportunities, income, and the ability to make informed health decisions.

Question 47 Why is job security considered a determinant of health?

Because stable employment provides income, social protection, and reduces stress associated with unemployment.

Question 48 How can poor working conditions negatively affect health?

By increasing exposure to occupational hazards, stress, injuries, and chronic illnesses.

Question 49 Why is food insecurity considered a major health determinant?

Because inadequate access to nutritious food increases the risk of malnutrition and chronic diseases.

Question 50 How does housing affect health?

Poor housing increases exposure to infectious diseases, environmental hazards, injuries, and poor sanitation.

Question 51 Why is the environment considered a Social Determinant of Health?

Because environmental conditions directly influence exposure to pollutants, disease vectors, clean water, and sanitation.

Question 52 Why is early childhood development critical to lifelong health?

Because physical, cognitive, and emotional development during early life strongly influences future health and well-being.

Question 53 How does social inclusion contribute to better health outcomes?

It promotes equal access to education, employment, healthcare, and social support while reducing discrimination.

Question 54 How can discrimination negatively affect health?

It limits access to opportunities and healthcare while increasing stress, mental illness, and health inequities.

Question 55 Professor Question: A child repeatedly develops respiratory infections because the family lives in an overcrowded house with poor ventilation. Which Social Determinant of Health is primarily involved?

Housing and environment.

Question 56 Professor Question: A patient cannot purchase prescribed medications because of unemployment. Which Social Determinant of Health is most directly responsible?

Income and social protection.

Question 57 Professor Question: A municipality has adequate hospitals, but residents still have poor health because many people cannot read health education materials. Which Social Determinant of Health is the major problem?

Education.

Question 58 Professor Question: A factory worker develops chronic lung disease after years of exposure to toxic chemicals without protective equipment. Which Social Determinant of Health is illustrated?

Job security and working conditions.

Question 59 Professor Question: Which Social Determinant of Health has the greatest influence on nearly all other determinants?

Income and socioeconomic status.

Question 60 Professor Question: Why should physicians understand the Social Determinants of Health in addition to diagnosing diseases?

Because many diseases cannot be effectively prevented or managed without addressing the underlying social, economic, and environmental factors affecting patients.

Question 61 What is health infrastructure?

The physical facilities, workforce, equipment, information systems, and support services necessary to deliver healthcare.

Question 62 What are the major components of health infrastructure discussed in the lecture?

Healthcare facilities, public and private hospitals, community health centers, barangay health stations, healthcare workforce, health insurance, public health services, and health information systems.

Question 63 What is the role of healthcare facilities in a health system?

To provide preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative healthcare services.

Question 64 Differentiate public hospitals from private hospitals.

Public hospitals are government-operated and primarily funded by the government, while private hospitals are privately owned and funded through private investments and patient payments.

Question 65 What is the primary role of community health centers?

To provide accessible primary healthcare and preventive health services within communities.

Question 66 What is the primary function of a Barangay Health Station (BHS)?

To serve as the first point of contact for basic healthcare services at the community level.

Question 67 Who usually provides frontline healthcare services in Barangay Health Stations?

Barangay health workers, midwives, and other primary healthcare personnel.

Question 68 Why is the healthcare workforce considered a major component of health infrastructure?

Because healthcare delivery depends on the availability of qualified healthcare professionals.

Question 69 What is the ideal doctor-to-population ratio presented in the lecture?

One physician for every 1,000 people.

Question 70 Why is the doctor-population ratio an important health indicator?

Because it reflects the availability and accessibility of physicians to meet the healthcare needs of the population.

Question 71 What is the primary role of health insurance in a healthcare system?

To reduce the financial burden of healthcare and improve access to medical services.

Question 72 What are public health services?

Programs and activities aimed at disease prevention, health promotion, and protection of the population's health.

Question 73 What is the function of a health information system?

To collect, analyze, store, and disseminate health data for planning, monitoring, and decision-making.

Question 74 Professor Question: A province has many hospitals but very few physicians. Which component of health infrastructure is primarily deficient?

Healthcare workforce.

Question 75 Professor Question: A municipality has sufficient physicians but lacks an organized system for recording disease outbreaks. Which component of health infrastructure is inadequate?

Health information system.

Question 76 Professor Question: Why are Barangay Health Stations considered essential in the Philippine healthcare system?

Because they provide accessible primary healthcare services and serve as the community's first contact with the health system.

Question 77 Professor Question: A patient delays seeking medical care because hospitalization is too expensive. Which component of health infrastructure is most directly involved?

Health insurance.

Question 78 Professor Question: Why is strengthening primary healthcare facilities considered more cost-effective than building more tertiary hospitals?

Because primary care prevents disease, promotes early diagnosis, and reduces unnecessary hospitalization.

Question 79 What is a health system?

All organizations, people, and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore, or maintain health.

Question 80 Why is a health system considered more than just hospitals and healthcare workers?

Because it also includes health policies, financing, governance, public health programs, and the social determinants that influence health outcomes.

Question 81 What organizations are specifically identified in the lecture as agencies involved in the Philippine Health System?

Department of Health (DOH), Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and RA 11058.

Question 82 What is the primary role of the Department of Health (DOH) within the Philippine Health System?

To lead, regulate, and coordinate national health programs and policies to promote, restore, and maintain the health of the population.

Question 83 What is the primary role of PhilHealth?

To provide health insurance coverage and improve financial access to healthcare services.

Question 84 Why is the DILG considered an important agency in the health system?

Because it supervises local government units that implement local health services and programs.

Question 85 Why is the DOLE considered part of the Philippine Health System?

Because it promotes occupational health, worker safety, and labor welfare through workplace policies and regulations.

Question 86 What does RA 11058 primarily address?

Occupational safety and health standards in the workplace.

Question 87 What is the Philippine Medical Association (PMA)?

The national organization of physicians dedicated to advancing medical practice, education, research, and healthcare delivery.

Question 88 What is the vision of the Philippine Medical Association?

A fellowship of physicians united in knowledge, skills, continuing education, research, and delivery of quality healthcare.

Question 89 How many regions compose the Philippine Medical Association?

17 regions.

Question 90 How many component societies are included in the Philippine Medical Association?

119 component societies.

Question 91 How many specialty divisions are recognized by the Philippine Medical Association?

Eight specialty divisions.

Question 92 How many specialty societies are under the Philippine Medical Association?

51 specialty societies.

Question 93 How many affiliate societies are under the Philippine Medical Association?

37 affiliate societies.

Question 94 Enumerate the eight specialty divisions of the Philippine Medical Association.

Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery, Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Radiology, and Pathology.

Question 95 Professor Question: Why is Family Medicine considered an essential specialty in strengthening primary healthcare?

Because it provides comprehensive, continuous, and patient-centered care across all ages while emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion.

Question 96 Professor Question: Which specialty division primarily focuses on diseases of infants, children, and adolescents?

Pediatrics.

Question 97 Professor Question: Which specialty division primarily focuses on imaging techniques for diagnosis?

Radiology.

Question 98 Professor Question: Which specialty division primarily studies disease through laboratory examination of tissues, organs, and body fluids?

Pathology.

Question 99 Professor Question: Which specialty division primarily manages diseases requiring operative intervention?

Surgery.

Question 100 Professor Question: Which specialty division primarily focuses on diseases affecting women, pregnancy, and childbirth?

Obstetrics and Gynecology.