Arabic-Indonesian Reading and Comprehension Study Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the five reading comprehension texts on Makkah security, Kalimantan forest fires, Gulf diplomatic stances toward Israel, the biography of Abdurrahman bin Auf, and the history of Islam in Thailand.

Makkah al-Mukarramah

One of the holiest cities for Muslims, whose targeting by missiles or drones is deemed extremely dangerous, unacceptable, and condemned to protect civilians and preserve the sanctity of holy places.

Houthi group

The group attributed with launching attacks toward Makkah that sparked widespread concern and condemnation from various parties seeking to safeguard holy sites and civilians.

Hajj and Umrah pilgrims

The visitors and worshipers whose safety the competent authorities in Saudi Arabia actively work to guarantee against missile and drone attacks.

Barito Kuala Regency

A regency located in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, that witnessed extensive forest and land fires threatening public safety and biodiversity.

$$13\text{ hectares}$$

The estimated area of land and dry brush consumed by fires in Barito Kuala, resulting in dense smoke that polluted the air and disrupted daily life.

Dry season (Musim Kemarau)

The climatic period during which the government specifically warns against burning land to avoid worsening environmental crises and to protect public health.

UAE and Bahrain (Diplomatic Stance)

The two Gulf nations that took prompt and clear steps to establish official, public diplomatic relations with Israel and cooperate closely across multiple fields.

Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Diplomatic Stance)

The Gulf states that temporarily reject overt normalization with Israel while maintaining unofficial contacts in economic, security, and cultural areas, remaining open to negotiations if certain conditions are fulfilled.

Kuwait and Oman (Diplomatic Stance)

The Gulf countries that refrain from establishing official relations with Israel, maintain strict neutrality, and prioritize acting as regional mediators.

Abdurrahman bin Auf

A noble companion of Prophet Muhammad, member of the As-Sabiqunal Awwalun, one of the ten promised Paradise, and a wealthy merchant noted for his honesty and generosity.

As-Sabiqunal Awwalun

The earliest vanguard of converts who embraced Islam, which included the companion Abdurrahman bin Auf.

Sa'ad bin Ar-Rabi' Al-Anshari

The Ansar companion in Madinah paired as a brother to Abdurrahman bin Auf by the Prophet, who offered half his wealth before Abdurrahman politely declined and asked to be shown to the market.

Battle of Tabuk (Expedition of Tabuk)

The military expedition during the lifetime of the Prophet for which Abdurrahman bin Auf generously financed the army and provided horses and camels.

Year $32\text{ AH}$

The approximate year of the Islamic calendar in which Abdurrahman bin Auf passed away in Madinah.

13th Century CE (Islam in Thailand)

The historical century when Arab, Persian, and Malay Muslim merchants arrived at the southern ports of the Thai peninsula and began spreading Islamic teachings with wisdom.

Patani Kingdom (Kerajaan Patani)

A historic kingdom in southern Thailand that developed into an esteemed Islamic intellectual and cultural center where scholars taught Islamic jurisprudence (sharia).

Ayutthaya

The ancient capital of Thailand that witnessed a major influx of Muslim traders during the 17th century CE, who established vibrant communities outside the main city walls.

Official Islamic Institutions (Thailand)

State-recognized bodies operating under legal frameworks in Thailand to oversee religious and educational affairs and promote cultural tolerance and diversity.