NPB module 1 (cells, tissues, organs, and integumentary system)

#1

Superior

#2

Anterior

#3

Posterior

#4

Inferior

#1

Cranial

#2

Ventral

#3

Dorsal

#4

Caudal

#1

Sagittal Plane

#2

Coronal Plane

#3

Transverse Plane

Sagittal Plane Definition

Left and right halves

Coronal Plane Definition

“Face off” or back vs. front

Transverse Plane Definition

Cranial to caudal or inferior to superior

Black Box

Midline

Yellow Box

Frontal Plane

Blue Box

Midsagittal Plane

Red Box

Transverse Plane

#1

Midsagittal Plane

#2

Transverse Plane

#3

Frontal Plane

#1

Medial

#2

Lateral

#3

Proximal

#4

Distal

#5

Superior

#6

Inferior

The knee is ____ to the hip

Distal

The knee is ____ to the ankle

Proximal

The shoulder is ____ to the wrist

Proximal

The elbow is ____ to the shoulder

Distal

The nose is ____ to the chin

superior

The stomach is ____ to the chest

Inferior

The neck is ____ to the belly button

Superior

#1

Connective Tissue

#2

Epithelial Tissue

#3

Muscle Tissue

#4

Nervous Tissue

Types of connective tissue: Loose

• most widely distributed

• Reticular

• Areolar (small open area)

• Adipose

Types of connective tissue: Dense

• Found in tendons and ligaments

• irregular (found in dermis)

• Elastic (found in lungs and arteries)

Types of connective tissue: Cartilage

• Hyaline

• Elastic

• Fibrous

Types of connective tissue: Bone

• Dermal

• Endochondral

Types of connective tissue: Hematopoietic tissue

• bone marrow

• Peripheral Blood

Specialized cells: Osteoblasts

Cells that create bone (osseous tissue)

Specialized cells: Osteocytes

cells that maintain the bone

Specialized cells: Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone

#1

Skeletal muscle

#2

Cardiac muscle

#3

Smooth muscle

Muscle cells: Skeletal Muscle cells

long multi-nucleated cells that contract to move the skeleton

Muscle cells: Cardiac muscle cells

branches of cells that contract to mobilize blood through the heart

Muscle cells: Smooth muscle cells

found in many organs to slowly move material through in rhythmic contractions

#1

Central Nervous system

#2

Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Made up of the:

• brain

• spinal cord

Cordinates’s incoming information from the body to make decisions

Peripheral Nervous System

give and receives information to send to the body

#1

Cell Body

#2

Nucleus

#3

Axon

#4

Axon Terminals

#5

Direction of impulse

#6

Dendrites

Nerve Cells: Dendrites

collect the impulse from neighboring cells and transmit them to the cell body

Nerve Cells: Soma

also the cell body, determines if the impulse is to pass to the axon terminals

Nerve Cells: Axon Terminals

transmit the impulse to other neurons or cells (i.e muscle cells)

Cell junctions: Tight Junctions

control the passage of ions and the solutes on apical portion of cell membrane

Cell junctions: Zonula adherens

• cell to cell adhesion

• associated with actin filaments

Cell junctions: Macula Adherens (desmosomes)

• Cell to cell adhesion

• associated with intermediate filaments

Cell junctions: Gap juntions

• cell to cell communication

• Not associated with cytoskeletal components

Cell junctions: Hemidesmosomes

on the basal portion of cell and critically important for adherence of epithelial sheets to matrix

#1

Tight junctions

#2

Zonula Adherens

#3

Macula Adherens

#4

Hemidesmosome

#1

Tight Junctions

#2

Zonula adherens

#3

Macula adherens

Types of organs: Hollow Organs

Organs that have cavities/lumens for transport or storage of liquids and other materials

• stomach

• intestines

• bladder

Types of organs: Solid Organs

Dense organs with a firm tissue texture and do not have large cavities

• Kidney

• liver

• pancreas

• brest

• lung

#1

Epidermis

#2

Dermis

#3

Hypodermis

Epidermis

epithelial barrier

Dermis

connective tissue support

Hypodermis

Underlying support of the skin

Integument

skin and its derivatives

functions of the integument: Protect

• helps resist mechanical damage

• limits water loss

• provides protection from UV

• chemical release

• camouflage

functions of the integument: Thermoregulation

• evaporation

• cutaneous blood flow

• insulation

functions of the integument: Gas exchange

some animals exchange respiratory gases

functions of the integument: Secretion, excretion & metabolism

• release of a substance

• removal of a substance

• sunlight converts to D3

functions of the integument: Sensation

• Skin detects the environment

• touch, pressure and movement

• temperature

functions of the integument: Coloration

• camouflage —- avoid detection

• thermal effects —— influence heat absorption

• communication —— attract mares or signal to rivals

Melanophore

contains melanin —— dark coloration

Xanthophore

contains carotenoids and or pteridines
—→ yellow, orange, or red

Iridophore

Contains reflective structures that interact with light

• iridescent or metalic colors

#1

Hair shaft

#2

Hair root

#3

Hair bulb

Hair follicle: Hair bulb

enlarged base of the hair root. hair matrix produces new hair cells