HEIMLER AP WORLD UNIT 1 REVIEW

Developments in East Asia 1.1

How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify power?

-revival of Confucianism

-increasing use of an imperial bureaucracy

Confucianism

Philosophy that human society is hierarchical by nature, composed by unequal relationships

-unequal relationships (Husband > Wife, Ruler > subject, father >son)

-greater entities treat lesser with concern and benevolence while lesser entities respect/obey superiors

-filial piety

-originates Han dynasty, after disappearing awhile due to fall of Han, Tang dynasty adopts it again (dynasty before Song) and carries into Song rule

-helped maintain power because primary belief in obeying those higher entities and this was a majority belief in China

Filial Piety

Honoring one's ancestors and parents, key element of Confucianism

Neo-Confucianism

"New Confucianism"

-Daoist and Buddhist philosophical ideas influenced

*****What does the revival of Confucianism demonstrate?****

Demonstrates a historical CONTINUITY between ancient China and the Song period, but also illustrates innovation

Women in Song China

-Subordinate

Examples: Legal rights restricted, women's property given to husband, widows or divorcees forbidden to remarry, foot binding (common in wealthier families)

Bureaucracy

Governmental entity that carries out the will of the emperor

-government officials scattered around China helped enforce emperor's power for example

Civil Service Exam (and how helped maintained rule)

Eligible men had to take a pass this exam to get a good job

-exam heavily based on Confucian classics

Why maintained rule:

-bureaucracy has most qualified men now (merit, not who you know)

-increased quality and efficiency of bureaucratic tasks

China's influence: Korea

-Politically independent because of tributary relationship with China (Korean officials would come to give a token of submission/tribute to China)

-Influence: similar civil service exams for bureaucracy staff, adopted Confucian principles (marginalized women even more than China)

however, influence was more in wealthier families

China's influence: Heian Japan

-Voluntarily adopted China influence

-Adopted China's imperial bureaucracy

-Chinese Buddhism

-Chinese writing system

China's influence: Vietnam

-Tributary system

-Adopted: Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese literary techniques, civil service examination system

-Women not as marginalized e.g. female version of Buddha and many female nature deities

Buddhism beliefs

originated in South Asia, spread to China by Han dynasty

Four Noble Truths: Life is suffering, we suffer because we crave, we cease suffering when we cease craving, eightfold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving

Eightfold path: Buddhist must follow a moral lifestyle and practice meditation

Types of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism

-Origin in Sri Lanka

-Emphasis on escaping on cycle of birth and death

-mainly restricted to monks

Mahayana Buddhism

-East Asia

-teachings available to all

-emphasized compassion

-made Buddha into a type of God or object of devotion

Tibetan Buddhism

-Tibet

-more mystical practices (lying prostrate, elaborate imaginings of deities)

Chan Buddhism

-Buddhism still had distinct role in society

type of Buddhism in China

Economy In China

Commercialization of China

produced more goods and sold to world market, paper money +credit

Iron and Steel Production

Enough iron and steel to create armor for war, coins for trade and taxation, and tools for agriculture in 11th century

Agricultural innovations

-Champa rice: drought resistant, could be harvested twice a year, increased population

-iron plows and rakes

Transportation innovations

-Expanded grand canal, linking yellow and yang zi rivers, made trade among regions much cheaper

-Magnetic compass

-Junks with stern mounted rudders which made navigation more accurate, leading to more trade

Developments in DAR-AL ISLAM 1.2

Dar-al Islam

house of Islam, refers to societies under Islamic religion

Judaism

-Ethnic religion of Jews, originated middle east

-Monotheistic

Christianity

-established by Jesus Christ

-Roman empire adopted

Islam

-Founder Muhammad on Arabian Peninsula

-salvation would be found in actions like almsgiving, prayer, fasting

South Asia, North Africa, Middle East, Sub Saharan Africa

Abbasid Caliphate

-Ethnically Arab

-in power during golden age of Islam

-mid 8th century- 1200s

-new islamic empires took place after fall, largely made up by TURKIC people, not Arab (before things Islamic empires Arab)

Seljuq Empire

-11th century central Asia

-pastoral people brought by Abbasids as professional military force to expand and culturally integrate their empire by force

-Abbasid caliphs still in power, claimed to speak for all of Islam, yet Seljuqs had most political power

Mamluk Sultanate

-Egypt (Turkic)

-Saladin of Ayyubid Sultanate took Mamluks as laborers but seized power

Delhi Sultanate

South Asia

Invading Turks established Muslim state in North India, ruled for 300 years

Why is new Turkic empires important?

As Muslim Arab empires declined, new Turkic Muslim empires was on the rise

Continuity in Muslim Empires

-Military in charge of administration

-implemented Sharia law

How Islam Spread

-Military Expansion: Dehli Sultanate

-Trade: Empire of Mali converted to Islam to increase trade

-Muslim Missionaries: Sufis

Sufism

-Form of Islam that emphasized mystical experiences

-Spiritual experiences available to anyone regardless of class and gender

-crucial to spread of Islam

Innovations and Transfers

-Mathematics: Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi invented trig to understand how planets and stars moved

-House of Wisdom: massive and world famous library to study sciences, plato and aristotle translated into Arabic with commentaries which helped preserve the works and transfered to Europe which helped push renaissance

State Building in SOUTH Asia and SOUTHEAST Asia 1.3

Three main belief systems

Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism

Hinduism

-Polytheistic

-Main goal reunite souls to all persasive world soul AKA Brahman (cycling through reincarnation to achieve)

-Caste system: If you're good, you will be in a higher caste

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

Same: reincarnation, dissolve into oneness of universe

Buddhism: equality of all people, universalizing religion

Hinduism: ethnic religion, caste system

Islam

-1206 Turkic Muslim invaders established Delhi Sultanate, Muslims were in charge so became religion of elite in India and later throughout southeast Asia

Changes in Religion: Hinduism

Bhakti movement: encouraged to worship one god out of the Hindu patheon of Gods, rejected hierarchy of Hinduism, encouraged spirituality to all people regardless of social status

Changes in Religion: Islam

Sufism: more mystical spiritual experienced based version of Islam

Bhaktis vs Sufis

Same: Mystical experiences, rejected elaborate doctrines and religious requirements of elite, emphasized access of spiritual experience to all

Changes in Religion: Buddhism

More exclusive, only monks seeked Nirvana

Delhi Sultanate

Islam remained minority religion

Resistance to rule: Rajput Kingdoms; a collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms to the north that existed before Delhi Sultanate, some managed to stay independent some under Muslim rule, and Vijayanagara Empire

Vijayanagara Empire

Southern Indian Kingdom, founded in 14th century to avoid Muslim rule, Muslim emissaries sent to expand Delhi to south but converted to Hinduism so thus a rival state for Sultanate

Sea Based States

-Srivijaya Empire in Southeast Asia: 7th-11th century, Buddhist state but influenced by Hindu culture, controlled strait of Malacca which helped wealth

-Majapahit Empire: Initially Hindu but strong Buddhist influence, established tributary relations with surrounding states

Land based States: Sinhala dynasties

-Sri Lanka

Sea based and land based

Sea based means state gets power from sea, land based means gets power from land

Land Based: Khmer Empire

-Hindu empire Southeast Asia

-Built Angkor Wat: Largest Hindu temple in existence, supposed to represent universe

-converted to Buddhism and added Buddhist elements to the temple but kept Hindu elements, sycretism (idk spelling)

State-Building in the AMERICAS 1.4 1200-1450

Maya Civilization

Mesoamerica, 250-950 CE

-decentralized collection of city states with frequent wars among another

-fought to create a vast network of tributary states among neighboring regions

-emphasis on human sacrifice

Aztec Empire 1345-1528

-Mexica semi nomadics who migrated south beginning 14th century, built military power and married into powerful families

-1428 consolidated power and built alliance with

Continuity to Mayans: decentralized, tributary system, religious sacrifice for expansion (human sacrifice)

-Mexica claimed heritage from older mesoamericans to legitimize power

Andean civilizations

Wari civilization: collasped 1000 CE

-Inca (borrowed from old civilization including Wari)

Inca vs Azte

Same: outsiders with military prowess that allowed them to quickly expand and rise to power

Aztec: decentralized

Incas: centralized, bureucracy

Mit'a system

Inca state required labor of all people each year for state projects like mining or military

-also made use of roads and bridges

Mississippian Culture

-Mississippi river valley, first largescale civilization in north america

-8th-9th century

-developed around agriculture

-chiefdom, great sun (chiefs), throughly hierarchical

-Mounds were burial sites, hosted religious ceremonies on top, most significant Cahokia, largest urban center of mississippian culture

Other significant North American societies

Chaco and Mesa Verde: West America: Dry regions, sandstone buildings

Mesa Verde: built housing on cliffs made of sandstone