Terms Pertaining to the Body as a whole

anabolism

Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids, Ana- means up, bol means to cast and -ism is a process

catablism

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released. Cata- means down, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process

cell membrane

structure surrounding and protecting the cell. it determines what enters and leaves the cell

Chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that cntain regions of DNA called genes.

cytoplasm

all the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

DNA

chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

networks of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Herre, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces

genes

Regions of DNA within each chromosome

karyotype

Picture of chrosomes in nucleus of a cell. the chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure

metabolism

tootal f the chemical process in a cell. it includes catabolism and anabolism. Meta- means change, bol means to cast and -ism means a process

mitochondria

Tructures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature “power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria.

nucleus

control center of the cell. it contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell

Digestive

include mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stoomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary or excretory

Kidneys, ureters (tubes from kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)

Respiratory

nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases take place)

Reproductive

Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands/ testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

endocrine

thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands

nervus

brain, spinal cord, nerves, collections of nerves

Circulatory

heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

musculoskeletal

muscles, bones and joints

Skin and sense organs

Skin, hair, nailsl, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, eyes, ear, nose, tongue

adipose tissue

collection of cat cells

cartilage

flexible necctive tissue attached to bones at joints (eg: surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose)

epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surface of organs

histologist

specialist in the study of tissues

larynx

“voice box”; located at the upper par of the trachea

pharynx

throat. the pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth goiong to esophagus) and the air (from nose to the trachea)

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrouunds the trachea in the neck

trachea

“windpipe”

ureter

one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the ruinary bladder

urethra

tube from the urinary bladder t the outside of the body

uterus

the womb, the organ that hold the embryo/fetus as it develops

iscera

internal organs

Cranial

Brain, pituitary gland

Thoracic

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)

abdominal

the peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. the kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone. also contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. the diaphragm divies the abdominal and thoracic cavities

pelvic

portion of the smll and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra and ureters, uterus and vagina in female

spinal

nerves of the spinal cord

cervical

neck region

thoracic

chest region

lumbar

loiin or flank region

sacral `

sacrum

coccygeal

the coccyx (tailbone)