CRIME & DEVIANCE GLOBALIZATION & CRIMR BOOKLET 18

Give some examples of globalisation of crime?

• illegal immigration (set up by gangs)

• human trafficking

• dark web to buy weapons

• breaking copyright laws (selling fake goods and stealing profits)

• illegal prostitution

What is cyber crime?

Crime commit online

Give examples of cyber crime?

Online scams, deep fakes, fraud, identity theft, child pornography

What is cyber crime conducted through?

Global electronic networks

Who identified 4 categories of cyber crime?

Hall

What are the 4 categories?

1. Cyber trespass

2. Cyber detection and theft

3. Cyber pornography

4. Cyber violence

What is "cyber trespass"?

Crossing boundaries into other cyber property (hacking/sabotage/viruses)

What is "cyber deception and theft"?

Identity theft, phising, illegal downloading and file sharing

What is "cyber pornography"?

Involving minors and access for children on the internet

What is "cyber violence"?

Causing psychological harm or inciting physical harm (cyber stalking)

Give a modern example of cyber deception and theft?

Dodgy sticks

What is an AO2 of an AI that was recently accused of a cyber crime?

Grok - accused of cyber pornography

Why is cyber pornography less common now?

There has been a new law passed that you have to confirm your identity before accessing

What are some effects of cyber crime?

Psychological effects, suicide, leave you in poverty (if someone hacks your bank), major disruptions (NHS/Manchester Airport), loss of faith in the government/companies, identity theft (commit crime)

Is cyber crime hard or easy to detect?

Hard - can't see it happening (requires people who specialized skills)

What is globalization?

The increasing interconnectedness of societies

How does Held describe globalization?

What are some causes of globalization?

The spread of new information and communication technologies, mass media, cheap air travel, deregulation of financial markets

What does easier movement allow businesses to do?

Relocate to countries where profits will be greater

What impact would businesses relocate in countries where labor is cheaper, have on locals?

Provides them with job opportunities (but they may be paid minimum wage/exploited), lack of health and safety, could cause "alienation", cheap labor

What is "alliteration"?

Marxist theory - the workers cannot afford the products they are making

What is the effect on the UK economy for businesses relocating in different counties?

Causes the UK economy to suffer (capitalism wins)

Who says there has been globalized of crime across national borders?

Held

What does transnational organized crime mean?

Globalization of gangs/criminals

Give examples of transnational crime?

Oil spills, Epstein modeling scandals, smuggling (across borders), prostitution, weapons dealing

Castells argues that there is a global criminal economy, worth how much?

£1 trillion each year

What are the forms Castells argues this globalized crime forms?

Arms trafficking

Trafficking in nuclear materials

Smuggling of illegal immigrants

Trafficking women and children

Sex tourism

Trafficking in body parts

Cyber crimes

Green crimes

International terrorism

Smuggling of legal goods

Trafficking in endangered specified

Drugs trade

Money laundering

What are the risks with globalization?

It creates new insecurities and produces "global risk consciousness" where risk is global and not tied to a specific place

Give an example of global risk consciousness?

Economic migrants seeking work or asylum seekers feeling persecution - given rise to anxieties about the risk of crime

What does the media create?

Moral panics - fueled by politicians

What are immigrants portrayed as in the media?

Terrorists

What type of crime does this lead to? (immigrants in the media)

Hate crime against minorities

What is the right realist perspective on this? (BRS)

Biological, rational choice, socialization

• deal with this problem through harsher punishments, build more prisons

What is the left realist perspective on this? (MRS)

Marginalized, relative deprivation, subcultures

What did Hobbs and Dunningham find about crime and the way it is organized?

They found that the way crime is organized is linked to economic changes brought about by globalization

What does Hobbs and Dunningham link this style of crime to?

Mafia style criminal organization (having international links - to sell drugs)

Are these links just international?

No, these individuals still need local contacts who help them sell their drugs

What do Hobbs and Dunningham say about how crime has changed?

It has become more flexible, opportunistic, and involves entrepreneurial criminals

What does Glenny refer to the relationship between criminal organizations and globalization?

McMafia

What is the McMafia?

When capitalists turn to mafias for protection

Which mafias in particular were abele to build links with criminal organizations all over the world?

Russian mafias