Patomorph cycle 1 old questions PUM 3rd year

Virchow's triad consists of

alteration in normal blood flow; hyper coagulability; endothelial injury

Benign tumors Can be distinguished from malignant tumors based on the degree of

differentiation and rate of growth

will circumcised with capsule reasembling tissue of origin

benign tumor

fas growing tumor

malignant

thickness of right ventricle indicating myocardial hypertrophy

over 5mm

thickness of left ventricle indicating myocardial hypertrophy

over 15mm

predominates in high-risk areas and develops from precursor

lesions and adenoma

intestinal type gastric cancer

Remarkable decrease in gastric cancer incidence applies only to

intestinal type

the depth of invasion and the extent of nodal and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis remain the

most powerful prognostic indicator for gastric cancer

Impaired lymphatic drainage and consequent lymphedema can result from

Inflammatory, Filariasis, Neoplastic, Postsurgical, Embolic obstruction of medium-sized arteries can cause pulmonary hemorrhage but

usually not pulmonary infarction because the lung hasPostirradiation

characteristics of edema of brain

softer texture; flat gyri; herniation may occur

The precursor of peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung is

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

The patient who has had one pulmonary embolus is at higher risk

of having more

In majority of cases, pulmonary emboli originate from

deep veins of leg

Most pulmonary emboli are clinically silent because

they are small

Embolic obstruction of medium-sized arteries can cause pulmonary hemorrhage but usually not pulmonary infarction because the lung has

dual blood supply

Many emboli occurring over a period of time may cause

pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular failure

rupture of ventricular free wall may result in

cardiac tamponade

Edema result from

increased hydrostatic pressure; decreased colloid osmotic pressure; lymphatic obstructions; primary renal sodium retention; increase in vascular permeability

conditions resulting in increased interstitial fluid accumulation

protein losing glomerulonephritis/gastroentopathy; increased salt intake; congestive heart failure; constrict pericarditis

Classic adenoma-carcinoma sequence accounts for how much of sporadic colon tumors

80%

in pathogenesis of the colorectal carcinoma both APC genes must be inactivated by

mutation or epigenetic development

key negative regulator of β-catenin

APC

β-catenin is a component of

WNT signaling pathway

The APC protein normally binds to and promotes

Beta catenin

Loss of APC function promotes activation of the

transcription genes

Most melanocytic nevi have activating mutations in

BRAF

very few melanocytic nevi undergo

malignant transformation

highly aggressive malignancies

Malenoma

Most melanomas progress form an intraepithelial (in situ) to an

invasive (dermal) form

In melanomas, depth of invasion correlates the

survival

In chronic pulmonary congestion alveolar spaces contain

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells)

Pancoast tumor is typically located in the

Apex of lung

factors promoting formation of cardiac mural thrombi

Arrhytmias; acute/ subendocardial myocardial infarction; Endomyocardial injury (caused by catheter trauma)

clots are

Soft; Gelatinous; Not attached to the

vessel wall; Glossy

thrombi are

Firm consistency; Fragile; Attached to the vessel

wall; Mat

Which Tumors occurs most often in the ovary

Cystadenoma

In which cell function is BRCA 1, a gene mutated in women with familial breast carcinoma involved

DNA repair

Which types of breast carcinoma have a somewhat better prognosis than carcinomas of no special type(?) ductal carcinomas?

Tubular; Mucinous; Medullary carcinomas

White infarct occurs in

heart; spleen; kidney

Krukenberg tumor is a metastatic carcinoma of the

stomach

most common primary tumors to result in ovarian metastases

mestastatic tour of colon, stomach; ovary

Diffuse astrocytoma arises from

glial cells

account for 80% of adult gliomas

diffuse astrocytoma

diffuse astrocytoma are most frequent in

4th though 6th decade of life

diffuse astrocytoma are usually found in

cerebral hemisphere

diffuse astrocytoma are clinically manifested as

seizures; headaches; focal neurologic deficits

Densely cellular tumor with necrosis and pseudopalisading of tumor cell nuclei correspond to

Glioblastoma multiforme

Cause of follicular hyperplasia of the lymph nodes include

early HIV; rheumatoid arthritis; toxoplasmosis

most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma

nodular sclerosis

Hodgkin lymphoma - nodular sclerosis is equally frequent in

men and women

Hodgkin lymphoma - nodular sclerosis Has a striking propensity to involve the

lower cervical/ supraclavicular/ mediastinal lymph nodes

prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma - nodular sclerosis is

excellent

Hodgkin lymphoma - nodular sclerosis is morphologically characterised by

lacunar cells

Risk factors predisposing to thyroid carcinomas include

exposure to ionising radiation

skin locations of malignant melanoma that are associated with poorer

prognosis

Back; Arms; Neck; Scalp (BANS)

most common cause of hyperthyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient

Hashimoto

Hashimoto is characterised by

glandular thyroid failure because of autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

hashimoto is more common in

woman

Hashimoto is most prevalent between

45-65 years

factors that increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?

sunlight; chronic ulcers; old burn scars; ionising radiation; industrial carcinogens; ingestion of arsenicals

What is the most common location for chondrosarcoma

Pelvic bone (less common in rib an shoulder)

most common type of thyroid carcinoma

papillary carcinoma

papillary carcinoma of thyroid may contain

psammoma bodies and ground glass

papillar carcinoma of thyroid occur at

any age

Histologic sections of a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid would characteristically reveal

bv and capsule invasion by malignant thyroid follicles

Histologic sections of a anapaestic carcinoma of the thyroid would characteristically reveal

undifferentiated anapaestic cells with occasional giant cells

Histologic sections of a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid would characteristically reveal

amyloid stroma intermixed with neoplastic C cells

The finding of Codman triangle (triangular shadow on x-ray between the cortex and raised

periosteum) is characteristic for?

Osteosarcoma

Carcinoma of esophagus is strongly predisposed to by

Plumer-vinson syndrome; smoking; very hot liquid consumption; chronic esophagitis (with intraepithelial neoplasmia

Carcinogenic foods (e.g. pickled and smoked meats) are strongly predisposed to

stomach carcinoma

Chondrosarcoma may metastasise via

hematogenous route most often lungs

Chondrosarcoma may arise from

pre existing bening cartilage tumor

Chondrosarcoma commonly arrises in

pelvis/ ribs

Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma include

tobacco; HPV type 16/18; alcohol abuse

Risk factors for the carcinoma of the larynx include

smoking; HPV; alcohol; previous radiation exposure

Which causative agent is least implicated in primary hepatocellular carcinoma?

cigarette smoking

Lacunar cells are found in

Hodgkin lymphoma - nodular sclerosis

In an experiment, a series of immunohistochemical stains are employed to identify different

cellular components. One stain identifies the presence of intermediate filaments within the

cells. This cytokeratin stain is most likely to be useful for which of the following diagnostic

purposes?

neoplasm determined to be a carcinoma

Primary malignant liver tumors include

hepatocellular carcinoma; Cholangiocarcinoma; Hepatoblastoma ( in children); Hemangiosarcoma

Small cell carcinomas of the lung are associated with

smoking and more common in men

usually nor amenable to surgical resection

small cell carcinomas of lung

small cell carcinomas of lung may elaborate

ACTH

small cell carcinomas of lung in histological examination often show

squamous cell carcinoma

small cell carcinomas of lung is manifested usually between

55-80 years

small cell carcinomas of lung has a 5 year survival rate of

>16% for all stages of lung cancer

small cell carcinomas of lung typically contains

keratin pearls

small cell carcinomas of lung are usually located

perihilar

less common in women who give birth before the age of 18 years compared with those

who give birth after 30 years

breast carcinomas

breast carcinomas are most commonly found in

upper quadrant of breast

has better prognosis than ductal type of breast carcinoma

tubular type

breast cancer Has a better prognosis if positive for

estrogen receptors

breast cancer my be associated with

micro calcification

thrombus is made of

fibrins, platelets; leukocytes; RBC

Fat embolism occurs after

severe burns; soft tissue trauma; broken bones, open fracture

At what time after myocardial infarction are patients at the greatest risk for cardiac tamponade

during first 3-7 days

Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts occur in

venous occlusion; loose tissue where blood can collet; previously congested tissue;

In most tissues, the main histologic finding associated with infarcts is

coagulative necrosis

Disorders predisposing cor pulmonale include

Bronchiectasis; primary pulmonary hypertension; recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism

Consequences of right sided heart failure include

congestive hepatomegaly; portal hypertension; ascites; cyanosis; Anasarca;