Jim Crow, Industrial Labor, New Immigration : Lecture 3

Jim Crow South

A period of institutionalized racial segregation and disenfranchisement of Black Southerners in the United States, particularly from the 1880s to the early 1900s.

Mississippi Plan

A set of laws and policies devised to disenfranchise Black voters in the South, including literacy tests, poll taxes, property qualifications, and grandfather clauses.

Literacy Tests

Requirements for prospective voters to interpret written documents; often applied biasedly to disenfranchise Black voters.

Poll Taxes

Monetary fees charged to voters, disproportionately affecting impoverished individuals, particularly Black sharecroppers.

Grandfather Clauses

Legal provisions that allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had the right to vote before the Civil War, benefitting many white voters.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1896 that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing state-sponsored racial segregation.

Lynching

Extralegal executions, often public and ritualistic, used by white supremacists to enforce racial control through terror.

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who advocated for vocational training and gradualism in the fight for civil rights, founding the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An African American scholar and activist who demanded immediate civil rights and co-founded the NAACP, emphasizing higher education for the 'Talented Tenth'.

Industrialization

The transformation of economies from agrarian to industrial, characterized by the rise of factory systems and shift from skilled to unskilled labor.

Modern Factory System

An industrial system characterized by large-scale production, centralized management, and mechanized production processes.

Shift in Power and Conditions

The transition in labor dynamics that led to managerial control over wages and working conditions, often resulting in long hours and unsafe workplaces.