EXAM 4

(bolded words)

what are the elements of the cardiovascular system

routing blood

transportation

protection

routing blood

• Systemic circulation

• Pulmonary circulation

• Blood pressure

• One-way flow

Transportation

• respiratory

• nutritive

• excretory

protection

immune & clotting

circulatory functions include:

heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic vessels, lymps

tricuspid

also an atrioventricular valvue

matrial

also an atrioventricular valve and a bicuspid valve

pulmonary & aortic valves

also semilunar valves

subclavian

branches from aortic arch (L) or brachiocephalic trunk (R)

vertrebral

supplies posterior brain

common carotid

branches from aortic arch (L) or brachiocephalic trunk (R)

internal vs external carotid

supplies middle & anterior brain & orbit vs supplies most of head

external carotid

8 branches supply most of head (SALFOP MS)

superior thyroid

supplies thyroid gland

ascending pharyngeal

supplies pharyngeal region, middle ear, meninges, some deep neck muscles

lingual

supplies tongue

facial

supplies face

posterior auricular

supplies region behind ears

maxillary

branches supply teeth, gums, eye sockets, nose, dura mater

superficial temporal

supplies face, temporalis muscle, & lateral scalp

circle of willis

at base of brain, connects internal carotid artery pathways with vertebral artery pathways

• Internal carotid provides blood to frontal brain

• Vertebral artery provides blood to rear brain

retromandibular

drains temporal & infratemporal regions, nasal cavity, pharynx, oral cavity

internal jugular

drains brain, face, thyroid gland, neck

external jugular

drains neck, shoulder, lower back

axillary

branches: S TL SAP

deep brachial

runs with radial nerve

ulnar (brachial)

receives from ulnar collaterals, which run with ulnar nerve

radial (brachial)

smaller branches of brachila a.

common interosseous (brachial)

gives rise to ant. & post. divisions, supplies deep forearm mm.

radial (vein)

run w/ radial artery

ulnar (vein)

runds w/ ulnar artery

Basilic (vein)

superficial

Median cubital (vein)

(superficial) most used for blood draws

cephalic (vein)

superificial

brachial (vein)

union of radial & ulnar veins, runs with brachial artery

axillary (vein)

runs with axillary artery

subclavian (vein)

anterior to subclavian a.

celiac trunk

supplies stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, ½ of duodenum

superior mesenteric (trunk)

supplies rest of SI & most of LI

inferior mesenteric (trunk)

supplies left part of colon and beyond

renal (trunk)

kidneys

gonadal (trunk)

testes or ovaries

inferior phrenic (trunk)

supplies diaphragm

lumbar (trunk)

posterior ab. wall & spinal cord

medial sacral (trunk)

common iliac (trunk)

pelvis, gluteal region, lower limbs

azygos (vein of tunk)

system drains thorax, lacks valves

caval (vein of trunk)

system drains head, neck, limbs, body walls, abdominopelvic cavity

hepatic portal (vein of trunk)

system drains GI tract, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen

femoral artery

commonly used to access major arteries of heart/left side of heart

popliteal artery

behind the knee

• anterior tibial

• posterior tibial: fibular/peroneal

popliteal vein

• Anterior Tibial

• Posterior Tibial

  • Fibular/Peroneal

• Small saphenous

great saphenous vein vs small saphenous vein

analogous to cephalic vein of upper limb vs analogous to basilic vein of upper limb

systole

ventricular contractions

diastole

ventricular relaxation

Heart Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal patterns of blood flow in the heart

mitral stenosis

• thickening & calcification of mitral valve

• first heart sound loud b/c inc. closing force

mitral valve (MV) prolapse

• leaflets of MV too long and bulge back

septal defects

• holes in septa dividing left & right sides

• blood buildup in right side b/c pressure from left

fetal blood flow

lungs collapsed, pulmonary sys. not necessary, lung arterioles constricted

foramen ovale

opening between R & L atria

Ductus arteriosus

opening between aorta & pulmonary artery

antidiuretic hormone (ADH

• Stimulated by increase in blood osmolality (salt conc in blood)

• increases water retention by kidneys, BV & BP

aldosterone

Promotes salt reabsorption (and water retention) by kidneys

atherosclerosis

• (hardening of arteries) plaque buildup under endothelium

thromobsis

thrombus: blood clot that forms within blood vessel

stents

• Remedy for severe atherosclerosis

• Metal mesh surrounding small balloon

myocardial infarction

• Commonly caused by obstructed blood flow

  • Ischemia: deficient oxygen supply to tissue because of inadequate blood flow

angina pectoris

referred pain from heart, likely caused by lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism

reperfusion injury

cell death occurs after reperfusion due to accumulation of Ca²⁺ & free radicals in cells

baroreceptors

Sensory cells detect drop in pressure (due to low output)

chemoreceptors

Sensory cells in the brain stem detect H+, via increased blood CO₂ (hypercapnia)

sympathetic stimulation effects (w/in 30 s)

• inc. HR, contractility, strength of pump

• Raises mean systemic filling pressure to 100% above normal (increased tone of veins)

kidneys

initiate fluid retention due to low BP

• benefits - improvement of venous return to heart

• dangers -

kidneys

produce urine from filtered blood

ureter

transport urine

urinary bladder

stores urine

urethra

release urine (micritation)

cortex

outer portion of kidney - contains capillaries & outer part of nephrons

medulla

inner portion of kidney - contains renal pyramids, renal columns, straight tubules (renal pyramids & columns)

nephrons

functional unit of kidney

renal pelvis

urine exits through minor & major calyces then into ureter

nephron functions

filtration: glomerulue→nephron

reabsorption: kidney tubules→blood

secretion: capillaries→tubules (leave body)

excretion: tubules→out of body

nephron segments

glomerulus->proximal convoluted tubule->descending & ascending limbs of loop of Henle->distal convoluted tubule->collecting duct

glomerular filtration

bowman’s capsule covers glomerular capillaries

how to solute s(and water travel)

via active transport, active diffusion, passive diffusion depending on solute & location

osmosis

net movement of solvent (usually water) molecules across semipermeable membrane from area of high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration

hypoantremia

low plasma sodium concentration

hypernatremia

high plasma sodium concentration

disorders of hyponatremia

dehydration - lose extracellular vol. & Na+

overhydration - gain extracellular vol, dilutes Na+

disorders of hypernatremia

dehydration - lose extracellular vol, retain Na+

overhydration - retains Na+ and water

hypernatremia dehydration disorders

• central diabetes insipidus - inability to secrete ADH

• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - kidneys can’t respond to ADH