Exceptional 2 test 1

What is encoding?

Sending messages to communicate is called encoding.

What is decoding?

The process of interpreting and understanding messages that have been encoded.

Can a communication disorder involve language, speech, or both?

Both language and speech.

What is language?

Sending and receiving ideas through a system of symbols.

What is expressive language?

Expressing what you want to say.

What is receptive language?

Receiving and understanding language.

What is speech?

The formation and sequencing of the sounds of oral language.

Where are speech disorders more common

Preschool children

Are communication disorders more prevalent in boys or girls?

Boys, especially at younger ages.

What is a primary language disorder?

A language disorder with no known/identifiable cause.

What is a secondary language disorder?

A language disorder caused by or accompanying another condition, such as an intellectual disability, autism, or hearing impairment.

What does DLD stand for?

Developmental Language Disorder.

Does DLD have an identifiable cause?

No. DLD has no identifiable cause.

What are the effects of DLD/language disorders?

• -Difficulty using language in social interactions

• -Higher risk of emotional and behavioral disorders

• -Challenges engaging in social interactions with peers

What percentage of students with DLD have dyslexia, according to our class notes?

30–50%.

What three characteristics can be affected by a voice disorder?

Pitch, loudness, and quality.

What are the three primary categories of voice disorders?

Functional, organic, and neurological.

What is a fluency disorder?

Dysfluencies, such as stuttering, that are frequent or pervasive.

How can teachers support students with communication disorders through questioning?

Ask questions that encourage dialogue and clarify questions so students understand what is being asked.

What type of literacy instruction should teachers provide?

Explicit, systematic literacy instruction.

What are two teaching strategies for students with communication disorders?

Metacognitive training and strategy training.

Without functional language, children are hindered in what two areas?

Educational and social situations.

Why is early intervention important for communication disorders?

Intervention with younger children has a greater chance of success.

What does "deaf" mean educationally?

The student cannot process linguistic information through audition, with or without a hearing aid.

What does the educational definition of hearing impairment focus on?

The degree to which the impairment affects speech and language development.

What does "hard of hearing" mean educationally?

The student has enough residual hearing to process linguistic information through audition, usually with a hearing aid.

Which has a greater prevalence: deafness or hard of hearing?

Hard of hearing

What percentage of newborns are screened for hearing loss by one month?

95%

What is the 1–3–6 rule?

1 month: screening
3 months: follow-up
6 months: intervention if impairment is present

Which area is most affected by hearing impairment?

Speech development.

How can hearing impairment affect academics?

Students may trail behind in reading and even in math.

True or false: Deaf children with deaf parents tend to achieve more.

True

What social difficulties can students with hearing impairments experience?

Social interaction problems, difficulty making friends, difficulty finding people to converse with, and poor self-concept.

According to the Kahoot, who has a harder time making friends: deaf boys or deaf girls?

Girls

What is common among students with hearing impairment

Poor self-concept

What impact can hearing impairment have on a student’s social development?

It can cause difficulties with social interaction and socialization.

What is an FM system?

An assistive listening system that helps a student access spoken communication.

Where do most students who are deaf or hard of hearing attend school?

Local schools, not residential schools.

What percentage of students who are deaf or hard of hearing attend local schools?

88%.

What percentage spend the majority of their time in general education?

62%.

What are testing accommodations for students who are deaf or hard of hearing?

• -Sign interpretation for directions

• -Extended time

• -Small-group/individual administration

• -Response accommodations, such as signing answers

True or false: 90% of deaf children have hearing parents.

True

Why is it important to know that most deaf children have hearing parents?

It shows the importance of early intervention and communication support for the child and family.

What is the educational definition of low vision/visual impairment?

It stresses the needed method of reading instruction.

What reading method might a student who is blind use?

Braille.

How might a student with low vision read?

Using magnifiers or large-print materials.

How prevalent is visual impairment among children?

It is one of the least prevalent disabilities in children.

What does CVI stand for?

Cortical Visual Impairment.

What is the leading cause of visual impairment in children?

Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI).

What causes CVI?

Damage to parts of the brain responsible for vision.

True or false: CVI involves damage to the eye.

False. CVI involves the brain, not damage to the eye itself.

When a child has CVI, does the eye itself typically look abnormal?

No. The eye itself may look typical/normal.

What effect does visual impairment usually have on language development?

Little effect.

How should caregivers support language development in children with visual impairments?

Engage verbally at a high level.

True or false: Being blind may limit a student's way of exploring the environment.

True

Why can social adjustment be challenging for students with visual impairments?

Many subtle social cues are visual, so they may need to be directly taught.

What can teachers do to support social adjustment?

Teach visual/social cues directly, such as social smiling.

What are the nine educational considerations/Expanded Core Curriculum areas?

• -Assistive technology

• -Career education

• -Compensatory skills

• -Independent living skills

• -Orientation and mobility

• -Recreation and leisure

• -Self-determination

• -Sensory efficiency

• -Social interaction

What are the four major classroom modification areas for visually impaired students?

• -Braille

• -Use of remaining sight

• -Listening skills

• -Orientation and mobility

Since classrooms are highly visual, what strategies should teachers use?

• -Call students by name when addressing them

• -Read aloud what is displayed

• -Allow extra time

• -Give explicit directions

Does reading Braille take the same amount of time as traditional print reading?

No

What can help students with low vision read print?

Large-print books and magnifying devices.

What are examples of technological aids for students with visual impairments?

Braille notetakers, audio news reports, and descriptive video.

What is the most common service-delivery model for students with visual impairments?

General education class with an itinerant teacher.

What three types of testing accommodations can be used for visually impaired students?

• -Presentation accommodations

• -Response accommodations

• -Scheduling accommodations

What is an example of a presentation accommodation for a visually impaired student?

Presenting the test in Braille or another accessible format.

What is an example of a response accommodation?

Allowing the student to respond using an accessible method, such as a Brailler.

What is an example of a scheduling accommodation?

More/extended time.