unit 1 part 2 world history

Ottoman Empire

• Modern-day Turkey

• captured Constantinople and made it Istanbul

• sultan Suleiman

• longest lasting gunpowder empire

Ottoman empire strength and weaknesses

Strength:

• Military power ( Janissaries) + good leadership

• Control over key trade routes = $$

• Religious tolerance

• Fostered significant art advancements

• used conquered people for military

weak

• lost technology edge

Safavid Empire

• Shah Abbas the Great

• Capital was the internal silk trade

• forcefully spread Shia islam

Safavid Empire strength + weaknesses

strength:

• well-organized central admin

• important trade routes

• military power= get vast territory

• all shia= religious unity

• cultural flourishing: Persian art and literature

weak

• need a ruler to be in business

Mughal Empire

• Babur

• India

• Economic hardship lead to rebellion

• Europeans worked against them

Why did 3 powers rise in western and southern Asia

Chinese invention gunpowder

Shia empire

• Safavid empire with Shah Abas the great

Sunni empire

• ottoman = suleiman

• mughal = babur

Constantinople

• Otoman conqured Constantinople in 1453 using massive bronze cannons and dragging ships over land to bypass sea defenses. They renamed it Istanbul.

• Peak Ruler: Suleiman the Magnificent (extended the empire into Europe/Balkans and known as "The Lawgiver").

• Military/Admin: Used the Janissaries

• laid siege ( cut the food off) to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.

• It fell in 1453, marking the official end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of Ottoman dominance in the eastern Mediterranean.

• The Ottomans used massive bombards/cannons to blast through the city's ancient triple walls.

Suleiman the magnificent

• ottoman empire

• Sultan or ruler over the Ottoman Empire at its greatest political and cultural height; rule began in 1520

• Sometimes spelled “Suleimann”

Janissary/Ottoman Empire

• Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

• Example of coercive labor for the early modern era

•  vital to Ottoman success in warfare

• best trained in the world

• uniforms

• crucial to taking over lands

jizya

tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

• exempt from military

• free to live there

• you are protected

Battle of Chaldiran

• Important battle between the Safavids and the Ottomans/Sunni and Shi'a in 1514

• Ottoman victory 

• demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state.

gunpowder

How used: muskets and field cannons

where it originated: china

first to use: china

Who saw the potential: mongols

akbar

• good military commander

• abolished jiziya

• social reforms

• accept hindus ( expand hindu temple)

• made muslims respect cows

• universalistic relligon

Aurangzeb

• destroyed hindu temple

• banned hindu festivals

• reinstanted jiziya but if you revert to islam you dont have to pay

• weakens empire= easier for the British to snatch

Minaret

• This is used to call the muslims to prayer

• adhan

Mihrab

• This is a niche that is built into the wall of the mosque that is accompanied by a pulpit

• Mihrab indicates the directions that the Kabba is in Mecca, and that is the direction that muslims face when they pray. 

Ibn Battua

Much of what we know about African during the 1300s comes from the travels of Ibn Battuta

• Traveled to Cairo in 1325

• Jerusalem in 1326

• Mecca 1326

• Iraq & Persia 1326-1327

• Prior to going to East Africa and the Swahili Coast, Battuta had spent a year in Mecca.  

• He traveled from Mecca to Jeddah on the Red Sea in a small ship called a dhow.

Ibn Battuta - East Coast

After coming ashore & renting camels, he visited coastal cities & villages in the high mountains of Yemen.

In Taiz - he stayed with the sultan.

The ships brought spices, medicinal herbs, dyes for cloth, steel, Indian silks & cottons, pearls, cowrie shells (used as money in East Africa), Chinese Pottery, African ivory, fruits and lumber.

Ibn Battuta as he traveled

• Muslim communities developed along the coast of Africa & the coasts of India & Southeast Asia. (Islam though was a minority religion in the areas).

• As he traveled, other Muslims would welcome him as a pilgrim and a scholar

The Swahili City-States

• Several trading posts were established on the East African coast

• Exchanged goods with African interior, Middle East, India, even China

great Zimbabwe

• One of the main trades ( gold, ivory, copper)

• theory that is was built by indigenous people

• The city connected southern Africa to global trade routes. Archaeologists have uncovered Chinese porcelain, Persian pottery, and glass beads at the site.

mail

Found palace was built by Muslim architect

Ibn was not happy that the ruler did not see him immediately.

Reported great silks, weaponry made of silver & gold, instruments made of ivory

Strict teaching of the Quran

Its power would be replaced with the Songhai Empire

mansa musa

• Musa had made a pilgrimage to Mecca with

  • Thousands of slaves & soldiers, wives and officials

  • One hundred camels - each carried 100 pds of gold

  • Flooded Cairo with gifts

  • So much gold that it upset the gold market for next century

  •  had built mosques, he had also brought judges & Muslim teachers to the area.

Timbuktu

• Was just starting to be a center for Islamic scholarship & trade

• Mansa Musa had built a mosque there

• Songhai King Sunni Ali will develop as a trade center.

• City would become great in the 15th & 16th centuries

songhai

• Had been conquered by the Mali, but maintained control of Niger River.

• Made regular raids on Maili urban centers during 15th century

• 1468 King Sunni Ali - started a campaign of territorial expansion

  • Armor cavalry & only naval fleet in North Africa

  • Conquered the old Mali Empire

king sunni ali

Could be lenient - allow conquered warrior to join his army

Could be ruthless - executing his enemies

Known for speed of attack and the force utilized in attacks

Governors appointed to territories conquered

Tribute was extracted from local chiefs

anti-Muslim but King Mohammad I (took rule from Ali’s son)

converted & Imposed Islamic law. 

Was the religion of the wealthy  - most believed in animism.

they conquered groups and if they did nto fight back they could join

songhai trade

Trade port of Timbuktu on the Niger

griot

a traditional West African oral historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet, and musician who preserves and transmits a community's history, genealogies, and cultural tradition

archelogical finds in west africa

complex urban centers, early iron production, and sophisticated art

prince rurik

slav prince he united the tribes

Positive and Negative impacts of the mongols on europe

positive

• culture

• education

• period of peace

• trade

negative

• plague

• deaths

novorgod

• Trading Center Ivan the great sent an army to overrun

ivan the great

• married to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor

• refused to pay tribute to the Golden Horde

• had a code of law

• adopted 2 headed eagles as an emblem

• First to use the title Tsar

• brought the Rurikid prince under rule of Moscow

• brought arts from Southeast Asia.

• laid foundation for russian state

kiev

A powerful and culturally diverse trade-based state that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century.

Ivan the terrible

• father died when 3

• mom died when 8

• reformed tax collection

• crushed the mongols

• increased cointrol ( caspian sea and ural)

• initated stanting army

• developmed parlimetn and noble

• left moscow

• came back for absolute power

• died of stroke

golden horde

Ivan the Great refused to pay tribute to them

threw off the Mongol-Tatar yoke

by winning the stand at the Ugra River [ by not paying tribute to the horde) Neither the Mongols nor Muscovy wanted to be the first to go home.

= rise of russian empire

maize

corn

pueblo

• name means town or village because that is where they live

• roads extend 180 miles

• had many storys to it ( building)

anasazi

• Highest desert of new mexico where anasazi

• their name means ancient enemy

• carved homes from cliffs accessed by ladders or ropes that could be pulled in at night or in case of enemy

hopewell culture

• settlemtnes were small houses made from woven branches covered in wet mud

• practiced agriculture, hunting, fishing

• developed trade routes from canada to lithuana

• got materials from canaada and made neclakescs

• archaelogists indicated that their society was socially stratified ( formed)

cahokia

• home to 10k residents

• hub for political and trading activities along Mississippi river

• This area declined it could not support large populations

tzompantil

• Human sacrifices would feed god

• collected 180 skulls

teotihuancan

• aztec capital

• mexico city was built on top of it so now it does not exsist

• modeled after city of god

• biggest threat was floods

• they made dikes( safe zone)

chinamaps

• system allowed new land on the farm

• artifical isalnd

• floating on water

• 7 crops a year

incan achievment

• highway system

• agricultre prodcivity

• send information far

quipus

• name of the unique systems of knotes used by the inca

• differnet texctures or colors

cuzco

religious and administrative capital of the Inca Empire.

• center of the inca wolrd

• city of temples

• royal pallces residecs for housoing the preserved dead rulers body

• most sacred building is in there coricancha