Pracrical - bone tissue

Lamellae (concentric lamellae) - Rings of
very thin layers of bone; Collagen fibers of adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions which resists twisting and bending force

each circular section within the osteon like the ring of a tree

1

Central (Haversian) canal - Contains blood
vessels and nerves; Lined by endosteum

2

Lacunae - Small cavities between lamellae
filled with E C F

3

Canaliculi - Tiny canals that connect lacunae; Filled with thin cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes that contact each other through gap junctions

4

Interstitial lamellae - Compact bone is composed of multiple osteons
connected by Interstitial Lamellae internally, and Circumferential Lamellae in the inner and outer rings that strengthen bone

5

Circumferential lamellae - Compact bone is composed of multiple osteons
connected by Interstitial Lamellae internally, and Circumferential Lamellae in the inner and outer rings that strengthen bone

6

Perforating (Volkmann) canal - connect central canals of neighboring osteons and carry blood vessels from the periosteum to the central canals

7

Trabeculae

Branching structures in spongy bone that provide support.

Spongy Bone

Inner, honeycomb-like structure of bone that resists forces.

Appositional Growth

Growth in width of bones, occurring through the activity of osteoblasts. (caused by repeated pressure like running)

LO 2 - Bone types - Long Bones

Longer then wide, Ex bones of limbs, femur

LO 2 - Bone types - short bones

about as long as wide, roughly cube shaped exmples include ankles and wrist bones

LO 2 - Bone types - Flat bones

Thin and broad ex, skull and bones of pelvis

LO 2 - Bone types - Irregular bones

Irregular shapes; Examples
include the vertebrae

LO 2 - Bone types - Sesamoid Bones

Small, flat, oval-shaped bones
located within tendons; An example is the kneecap

LO 3 - Periosteum - Outer dense irregular connective
tissue membrane with blood vessels and nerves

1

LO 3 -Perforating Fibers - Collagen anchors that
penetrate into bone matrix to attach the
periosteum

2

LO 3 -Diaphysis - Shaft of the bone with a Medullary
(Marrow) Cavity lined by the Endosteum and
filled with marrow

3

LO 3 - Epiphyses—Ends of a long bone (filled with Red
Marrow) covered with Articular Cartilage, which
is composed of hyaline cartilage

4

LO 3 - Compact Bone—Hard, dense outer bone that
resists linear compression and twisting forces

7

LO 3 - Spongy (Cancellous) Bone—Inner, honeycomb-
like bone framework that resists forces in many
directions and provides a place for bone marrow to
reside

8

LO 3 - Ends of a long bone (filled with Red
Marrow) covered with Articular Cartilage, which
is composed of hyaline cartilage

5

LO 3 - Shaft of the bone with a Medullary
(Marrow) Cavity lined by the Endosteum and
filled with marrow

6

LO 3 - Shaft of the bone with a Medullary
(Marrow) Cavity lined by the Endosteum
filled with marrow

9

Diploë

in flat bones, the spongy bone is called

Osseous tissue

-a hard, mineralized connective tissue that forms the structural framework of the skeletal system.

-It provides strength, support, and protection for the body,

-composed of cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) embedded in a matrix of collagen and minerals like calcium phosphate.

Axial skeleton

Longitiudal axis of body structured for protectin

includes skull, verebral column and thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton

allow for movement, includes the girdles and limbs

Vertebral column

 33 vertebrae;  top 24 surround spinal cord, last two coccyx and sacrum are made of fused vertebrae and function for support

 thoracic cage

12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, part of vertebral column; protect the structures in thoracic cavity

pectoral girdle

 includes clavicle and scapula; supports Upper Limb and anchors it to the trunk

Upper Limb - the arm 

includes the humerus;

The forearm includes the radius and ulna;

The wrist includes the carpals;

The hand and fingers include
the metacarpals and phalanges

Forearm

part of upper limb / arm

includes the radius and ulna

Wrist

part of upper limb / arm

includes the carpals;

hand

part of upper limb / arm

The hand and fingers include the metacarpals and phalanges

Pelvic Girdle

Includes 2 pelvic bones and the
sacrum;

Each pelvic bone is composed of an ilium,
ischium, and pubis;

Supports the lower limb and anchors it to the trunk

Lower Limb

The thigh includes the femur

The leg includes the tibia and fibula

The ankle includes the tarsals;

The foot includes the metatarsals and
phalanges

Thigh

includes the femur

Leg

includes the tibia and fibula

Ankle

includes the tarsals

foot

includes the metatarsals and
phalanges

the Skull - Cranial Bones (Cranium)

*8 of them

Single Bones—Frontal, Occipital, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

Paired Bones—Temporal, Parietal

the Skull - sutures

All skull bones are united in adults by
immoveable joints called Sutures, except the mandible (lower jaw bone)

the Skull - Facial Bones

14 total

Single Bones—Mandible, Vomer

Paired Bones—Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal,
Palatine, Inferior Nasal Concha

the Skull - Cranial Cavity

Surrounds the brain with a
superior Cranial Vault (Calvaria) and an inferior Cranial Base

the Skull - Cranial Vault (Calvaria)

the cranial cavity Surrounds the brain with a superior Cranial Vault (Calvaria) and an inferior Cranial Base

the Skull -Cranial Base

contains Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cranial Fossae (indentations) to support the brain

the cranial cavity Surrounds the brain with a superior Cranial Vault (Calvaria) and an inferior Cranial Base

the Skull - Orbits

Contain the eyeballs

the Skull - Nasal Cavity

Houses the sensory receptors for
smell

the Skull - Nasal Septum

Divides the two sides of the nasal
cavity, called the nasal fossae;

Anteriorly, composed of hyaline cartilage; Posteriorly, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer

the Skull - Paranasal Sinuses

Found within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
• Lined with mucous membranes and connect to the nasal cavity
• Lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance

the Skull - Oral Cavity

Houses the teeth, the tongue, and
some salivary glands; First part of the gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system

includes, roof, anterior and lateral walls and floor and posteriot wall

the Skull - Frontanels

Fetal Skull—Include membranous areas where ossification is not complete called soft spots or Fontanels

includes anterior, posterior, sphenoid, and mastoid fontanels

the Skull -Anterior Fontanel

only in fetal skulls

Between developing frontal and parietal bones where coronal and sagittal sutures meet

the Skull -Posterior Fontanel

only in fetal skulls

Between developing parietal and occipital bones at the apex of the lambdoid suture

the Skull - Sphenoid Fontanels

only in fetal skulls

In each temple on the right and left sides where the sphenoid bone meets other cranial bones

the Skull - Mastoid Fontanels

only in fetal skulls

At the junction of the lambdoid and squamous sutures where the developing parietal, temporal, and occipital bones meet

Hyoid bone

Only bone in bod not attached to another bone

Small, C- shaped bone suspended in the superior neck by muscles and ligaments
• Attach to the styloid processes of the temporal bone and to the larynx
• Attachment point for muscles involved in swallowing and speech