Science

Economics

the study of how people, businesses, and governments make choices when they do not have an unlimited amount of money, time, or resources

Supply

the total amount of a specific product or service that producers or sellers are willing and able to offer for sale at a given price.

Demand

a consumer's willingness and ability to purchase a good or service at a given price and time period.

Cost benefit analysis

a simple decision-making method that compares the total costs of a project or choice against its expected benefit

Ecological Economics

a field of study that views the human economy as a smaller part, or subsystem, of the Earth's natural biosphere rather than an endless system of growth

Environmental economics

is a sub-field of economics that studies how human economic activity impacts the natural environment and how environmental policies can manage resources sustainably

Non-market Value

the economic worth of a good, service, or resource that is not bought or sold in a traditional marketplace and lacks a direct commercial price. 

Market failure

a situation where a free market fails to distribute goods and services efficiently, leading to a waste of resources or unfair outcomes for society.

Ecolabelling

a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling practiced around the world.

Policy

a set of rules, plans, or guiding principles chosen by a business, government, or organization to make decisions and handle specific situations

Environmental Policy

any law, rule, or official plan created by a government, business, or organization to protect the natural environment and manage how human activities affect it

Environmental impact statement

a detailed official report required for major projects or federal actions that significantly affect the quality of the human environment.

Command control approach

approach is a centralized management and decision-making system where authority rests at the top of a hierarchy, and leaders issue direct instructions that subordinates are expected to follow without independent discretion.

Subsidy

financial help from the government to make a product, service, or business cheaper or more affordable.

Green tax

a financial levy imposed on goods, services, or activities that harm the environment.

Cap and Trade

a government-created, market-based system designed to lower pollution

lobbying

the act of trying to influence government decisions, laws, or policies.

The role the government plays in the creation of the environmental policy

passing laws through legislative bodies, translating those statutes into binding rules via regulatory agencies like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and enforcing compliance to balance public health, ecosystems, and economic growth

The purpose of environmental policy

to protect human health, conserve natural resources, and guide human activity to prevent or reduce harm to air, water, land, and wildlife

Describe the history of U.S environmental policy and direction of the current U.S policy

U.S. environmental policy evolved from late 19th-century land conservation and 1970s pollution control laws—enforced through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—into a modern focus on clean energy transition, climate resilience, and ongoing regulatory tension between federal standards and state-level initiatives.The modern u.s policy aims to protect environmental quality,protect natural resources,and ensure resources are shared fairly

Legislative Branch

The legislative branch is the part of government that makes and passes laws. In the United States, this role belongs to the U.S. Congress, which is split into two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is the part of government that puts laws into action and makes sure they are obeyed. Led by the USA Branches of Government, it includes the President, the Vice President

Judicial Branch

The judicial branch is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law. As part of the federal government outlined by the U.S. Courts, it acts as a legal referee: it settles disputes, decides what laws mean, and checks that laws follow the Constitution

State and local policy

the laws, regulations, priorities, and administrative actions enacted by governments below the federal level, specifically state governments (such as Texas or New York) and local governments (such as counties, cities, towns, and school districts).

Assign market value methods

One method is they may ask people how much they would pay for non market good such as clean beaches another method is compare transactions for simallar goods or services.