Block 3 exam review

Pulmonary circulation between what and what

Between heart and lungs

Systemic circulation, between what and what

between heart and everything else

•Semilunar valves: located between

the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart

•Semilunar valves: Pulmonic: between what and what

Aortic:between what and what

a.Pulmonic: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

b.Aortic: between left ventricle and aorta

When pressure is _____ on the leading (atrial) side the valve will open

When pressure is higher on the leading side the valve will open

4 Phases of Cardiac Cycle and what they do

Ventricular filling: relaxation/diastole very low pressure

Isovolumetric contraction: start of contraction/systole, developing pressure

ventricular ejection: contraction, high pressure

Isovolumetric relaxation: start of relaxation/diastole, falling pressure

1) CARDIAC CYCLE what happens during Isovolumetric Contraction

Ventricles begin contraction,

pressure rises, AV valves close (lub)

2) CARDIAC CYCLE what happens during Ejection

Pressure builds, aortic/pulmonary
valves open, blood is ejected out of ventricles and into arteries.

3) CARDIAC CYCLE what happens during Isovolumetric Relaxation

Pressure in ventricles falls; aortic/pulmonary valves close (dub)

cant see atrial kick on pV loop

cant see atrial kick on pV loop

ESV:

EDV:

ESV: at the end of systole,  the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after ejection (systole)

EDV: at the end of diastole,  total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of filling (diastole)

•No gap junctions between the ____ and _____

atria and ventricles

•Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions at intercalated discs.

Once AP is initiated, the AP flows from cell to cell through?

gap junctions

Electrical conduction of the heart: cells composing, synchronized…??

synchronized contraction and relaxation

Heart Cells? (2 of them) and charecteristics

Pacemaker cells: generate own AP without needing the heart

Contractile cells: •cardiac muscle cells (myocytes) pressure

Conducting system of the heart sequence 1-5

1) SA node Depolarizes

2) electrical activity goes rapidly to AV node

3) depolarization spreads slower across atria, conduction slows through AV node

4) depolarization moves rapidly through ventricular conducting system to apex of heart

5) depolarization wave spreads upward through apex

AV node and purkinje fibers work as what?

they work as secondary pacemaker cells (pacemaker cells make APs)

Pacemaker cell action potentials open by

Funny Na+ channels/HCN channels open by hyperpolarization

There is ___ a pacemaker cell at rest

THERE IS NEVER A PACEMAKER CELL AT REST

Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node _____ spontaneously, but the rate can be modulated

depolarize

Cardiac muscle cells have what kind of resting potential?

NEGATIVE resting potential

Calcium —→ __(polarization)__ (+ in)

calcium depolarizing (+in)

_________ release of epinephrine/norepinephrine  and binding to B1 receptors opens more HCN “pacemaker” channels.

Sympathetic release of epinephrine/norepinephrine  and binding to B1 receptors opens more HCN “pacemaker” channels.

What Speeds heart rate due to increased Na⁺ influx

SYMPATHETIC Funny Na+ channels/ HCN channels

_______ neurons secrete acetylcholine, which binds M. AchR that opens K⁺ channels., SLOWS HR

Parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine, which binds M. AchR that opens K⁺ channels.

There no tetanus in

the heart

ECG/EKG does NOT do what?

Does NOT record AP or contraction and relaxation, also does NOT create AP

P Wave:

atrial depolarization

QRS Complex

ventricular depolarization (brings about contraction)

S-T segment

a.plateau phase, ventricular contraction (systole)

T wave -

ventricular repolarization which terminates contraction (contraction/systole/ejection phase ends so relaxation begins)

Role of the cardiovascular system

get blood to tissues

Atria ______ depolarize during QRS

DO

Plasma proteins, Albumin:

draws water out of capillaries

plasma proteins, 1.Fibrinogen:

helps in clotting after becoming fibrin

Arterial leave venous return

Arterial leave venous return

Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocyte:

how we carry oxygen to cells

Hemotacrit:

percent of total blood that is RBC, measure of O2 carrying capacity in blood

Vasculature, Arterioles

Regulate Blood Pressure/Flow:

Smooth muscle contraction

Vasculature: capillaries

Perfuse Cells:

Single layer leaky wall

Vasculature: Veins

Volume Reservoir:

One-way valves

Smooth muscle contraction

Increases venous return

Vasculature: arteries

Pressure Reservoir:

Elastic walls maintains pressure and flow

(when ventricle not ejecting)

Pressure most to least for capillaries, other arteries, aorta, and arterioles

aorta>other arteries>arterioles>capillaries

Right and left side of the heart pump ______ volume, Left has more pressure

Right and left side of the heart pump the SAME volume

large arteries

Maintains pressure and constant blood flow in circulation, stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when ventricles relax, Pressure reservoir: expand to sustain pressure, elastic, snaps back

Systolic BP is at what point of the PV loop? Diastolic BP is at what point on the PV loop?

Systolic BP: point D

Diastolic BP: point C

•______return blood back to heart to

      begin cycle again

veins

Arterioles

sets blood pressure & controls blood flow

Muscular arteries

have more smooth muscle i; more resistance due to smaller lumen

Capillaries

oxygen delivery on arterial side, if constrict, less flow to capillaries (but NOT NO FLOW), leaky junctions

Veins

volume reservoir, use skeletal muscle pumping (contraction) to force more blood to the heart during exercise

Capillary exchange

exchange plasma between blood and ISF

Capillary exchange: filtration

fluid movement out of capillaries,Caused by hydrostatic pressure

Capillary exchange: Absorption

: fluid movement back into capillaries

Hydrostatic

BP, fluid pressure, high hydrostatic = into the cell, net driving force

Edema & causes (4 of them)

disruption in net filtration, causes high hydrostatic pressure, low albumin, lymphatic blockage

Cardiac output

Regulation of Stroke Volume

CONTRACTILITY

strength of ventricular contraction

  
Stroke volume increases with contractility.
 

AFTERLOAD: as diastolic blood pressure increases, ____ decreases

stroke volume

Increased EDV results in increased ______ and thus increased stroke volume

contraction