chapter 8 joints

bursae

fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid,

tendon shealth

cylindrical structures that surround muscle tendons-similar to bursae in synovial membrane and fluid content

bursae and tendon shealths both allow ______________.

adjacent structures to move over them

bursae

tendon sheath

3 factors influencing synovial joint stabilty

1.Articular surfaces

2. Ligaments

3.Muscle tone

3 Advantages of synovial joints

1.keep tendons taunt

2.acts as a stabilizing factor

3.important in reinforcing shoulder & knee joints and arches of the foot.

range of motion for synovial joint (4 movements)

1.gliding movement

2.Angular movement

3. Rotation

4. Special movements

Describe gliding movement

one bone surface moves over another similiar bone surface

Describe Angular movement

change in the angle b/w the two bones

Describe Flexion

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the bones together

Describe extension

reverse of flexion!! bending movement the increases the angle of the joins and brings the bones farther apart

Describe abduction

movement of the bones away from the median plane of the body

Describe adduction

opposite of the abduction!! movement of the bones towards the median plane of the body

Describe rotation

turning of a bone around its own long axis

pronation

radius rotates over the ulna, palm down

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

up and down of foot at ankle

inversion and eversion of the sole of the foot

inwards and outwards

protraction and retraction of the mandible of the jaw

out and in

elevation and depression

lifting superiorly or inferiorly jaw or shoulders

opposition

thumb touches forefingers

What type of movement does plane joint do?

nonaxial, gliding

What type of movement does pivot joint do?

uniaxial, rotation

What type of movement does condylar joint do ?

biaxial movement, flexion + extension, adduction + abduction

What type of movement does saddle joint do?

biaxial movement, adduction + abduction, flexion + extension

What type of movement does ball and socket joint do?

multiaxial movement, flexion + extension, adduction + abduction, rotation

shoulder-glenohumeral joint has a _____ range of movement.

wide

describe hip-coxal joint movement

-good-but movement is limited in range compared to shoulder

-limits set by strong ligaments and deep socket

-ligaments surround neck of the femur

-muscle tendons(hip and thigh) add to joint stability

three joints of knee joint

-Femoropatellar joint(intermedial)

- Tibiofemoral joint(lateral and medial)

-menisci

three joint ligaments of knee

1. Extracapsular fibular and tibial collateral ligaments

2.Oblique popliteal ligament

3.Arcuate popliteal ligament

intracapsular ligament

AKA cruciate ligament-forms X-cross over "cruci"-cross

What is the purpose of the knee?

acts as restrictive force to prevent displacement of the articular surfaces and secure articulating bones as we stand

sprain

joint ligaments torn or stretched

dislocation

bones forced out of alignment

cartilage tears

usually occurs when meniscus subject to compression and shear stress at the same time.

What is bursitis?

inflammation of a bursa,usually caused by a blow or friction

What is tendonitis?

inflammation of the tendon sheaths, usually due to overuse

osteoarthritis

disease of the joint cartilage, associated with secondary changes in the underlying bone.This leads to pain and impaired function of the bone.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

an Autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the synovial membrane. this leads to swelling and cartilage erosion. The end of this process is damage to joints and scar tissue formation, which may ossify and immobilize the joint

Lyme Disease

inflammatory disease caused by bacteria transmitted by a tick bite

arthrology

study of joints

arthroplasty

replacing a diseased joint with an artificial joint

rheumatism

a lay term referring to disease involving muscle or joint pain;may be used to apply to arthritis,bursitis, etc.

What type of joint is a shoulder joint?

is a ball and socket joint

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

a hinge joint

What type of joint is the hip joint?

is a ball and socket joint

what forms the temporomandibular joint

is formed by (1)the condylar process of the mandible and (2) the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Articular surfaces determine…..

what movements are possible for a joint

What do ligaments limit?

stretch

What is the definition of muscle tone?

low level of contractile activity in relaxed muscles that keep muscles healthy and ready to react to stimulation

what is the purpose of the TMJ joint?

allows both a hingelike opening and closing of the mouth and an anterior gliding of the mandible

How does the TMJ joint dislocate?

It often dislocates anteriorly

What forms the hip joint?

formed by the acetabulum of the hip bone and the femoral head

What is the hip bone adapted for?

weight bearing— Its articular surfaces are deep and secure. Its capsule is heavy and strongly reinforced by ligaments.

What makes up the elbow joint?

ulna and radius articulate with the humerus

What forms the shoulder joint?

the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the humeral head

What is the most freely moveable joint of the human body?

shoulder

What helps to stabilize the shoulder?

The tendons of the biceps brachii and rotator cuff muscles help to stabilize it.

What is synarthroses?

immovable joint

What is amphiarthroses?

slightly moveable joints

What is diarthroses?

freely moveable joints

Are fibrous joints generally immovable or moveable?

immovable

Are synovial joints generally immovable or freely moveable?

freely moveable

What comprises fibrous joints?

collagen fibers of connective tissue

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

What are suture joints?

seams between bones of a skull

What are syndesmosis joints?

joints held together by a ligament

What are gomphosis joints?

peg in socket (teeth)

How do cartilaginous joints work?

bones are united by cartilage

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses and symphyses

How do synchondroses work?

a plate of hyaline cartilages unite the bones

How do symphyses work?

fibrocartilage units the bones

What are synovial joints?

joints in which the two articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

name 4 important features of synovial joints

hyaline cartilage, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular capsule surrounding the joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments outside and inside the capsule

What are the two layers of joint capsule?

fibrous layer and dense irregular connective tissue