4.5 GROUP PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS (GROUP 5)

GROUP VA - NITROGEN FAMILY

• Exhibits +3 and +5 oxidation state 

• Reacts with chlorine to form tri- and penta- halides

GROUP VA - NITROGEN FAMILY

• Elements

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Arsenic

Antimony

Bismuth

Nitrogen (N₂) 

• aka

Nitrogen (N₂) 

• physical properties

• Most abundant gas in air

  • 71% N₂, 29% O₂

• Very stable because of 3 covalent bonds

Nitrogen (N₂) 

• uses

• Used as inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable substance

• Gas contained in space of Hg thermometer

Nitrogen (N₂) 

• container

black

Liquid nitrogen

• -196^OC

• Refrigerant (cryogenic preservation); also CO₂/dry ice/cardice

• Treatment of warts, calluses, skin tags

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• aka

laughing gas

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• s/e

diffusion hypoxia

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• container

blue

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

Inhalation anesthetic

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂)

• aka

nitrite

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂)

• Vasodilator

• For cyanide poisoning

Nitrates (NO₃)

preservative

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

• aka

spirit of hartshorn

spirit of sal volatile

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

respiratory stimulant

Phosphorus

• aka

Phosphorus

• 2 forms: white

poisonous

Phosphorus

• 2 forms: red

non-poisonous

Phosphorus

• use

Phosphorus

• 3 main allotropic forms

White / Yellow P

Red

Black P

Violet P / metallic / HITTORFS

• Non-official allotrope 

• produced by day-long annealing of red phosphorus above 550 ℃ or recrystallized MOLTEN LEAD

White / Yellow P

• Waxy solid (Org solvents soluble) 

  • yellow P-with impurity (Na)

• +Light: darkens

• +Air (in the dark): emits greenish light & gives off white fumes w/ garlic odor 

• Toxic: rat poison

Red

• intermediate property of black & white P (insoluble in Org. solvents)

• Less chemically active compared to white p

Black P

• Non toxic

  • Used in safety matches, pyrotechnics)

• Resembles graphite in texture

• Produced from healing white P under high pressures

• Air-stable; does not catch fire spontaneously

Phosphate (PO₄^3-)

• Antacid 

• Cathartic / laxative 

Arsenic (As)

• physical properties

Lewisite metal

As³⁺

High affinity for -SH compounds (gen protoplasmic poison like P)

As³⁺

• signs of poisoning

“Aldrich-Mees Lines” - white lines/ bands on the fingernails

As⁵⁺

Less toxic

Arsenate

• aka

lewiste metal

Arsenate

• Insecticide - Copper Aceto Arsenate (Paris Green)

• Choice of Professional Poisoner

• First component of antisyphilis drug (Arsephenamine)

Arsenate

• antidote

BAL

Arsenic Trioxide (As₂O₃)

• Insecticide 

• Anti-leukemic

Arsenic Triiodide (AsI)

Primary standard in the preparation of Cerric sulfate

Arsenicals

Arsphenamine Salvarsan

Compound 606, Magic bullet

Paris green

Scheele’s green

1% Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2 Fowler’s solution

Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)

Arsphenamine Salvarsan

First anti-syphilis

Compound 606, Magic bullet

Discovered by Paul Ehrlich (Father of chemotherapy)

Paris green

Cupric acetoarsenite: Cu(C₂H₃O₂)₂ . 3Cu(AsO₂)₂ 

Paris green

• Rodenticide 

• Insecticide 

• Pigment 

• Blue colorant for fireworks

Scheele’s green

• Cupric hydrogen arsenite 

• Insecticide

1% Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2 Fowler’s solution

Former antileukemic

Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)

For: 

• Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 

• Malaria

• TB

• Rheumatoid arthritis 

• Diabetes (before)

Antimony (Sb^{+3, +5})

• aka

stibium

Antimony (Sb^{+3, +5})

• physical properties

Physiologically resembles arsenic toxic

Antimony (Sb^{+3, +5})

• most important source

Antimony Glance (Sb₂S₃ "Antimonus sulfide” - the only orange S^2- )

Antimony (Sb^{+3, +5})

• use

• Astringent

• Antiseptic (since heavy metal- protein precipitant) 

• expectorant (Sb & NH⁴⁺)

• Emetic

• Anthelmintic (kills & expels intestinal worms)

Antimony Potassium Tartrate (K₂Sb₂(C₄H₂O₆)₂

• aka

Tartar emetic, Brown Mixture

Antimony Potassium Tartrate (K₂Sb₂(C₄H₂O₆)₂

• Emetic 

• Treatment of schistosomiasis 

3 MECHANISMS OF KILLING THE BACTERIA: 

• oxidation

• halogenation

• protein precipitation

Oxidation-

the OA will oxidize the bacteria (have antibacterial/astringent/antiseptic property)

Halogenation

- sub type of oxidation, halogen induces oxidation not the oxygen

Protein precipitation

- mode of action of heavy metals; leads to bacterial cell damage and death

Bismuth

• aka

beautiful meadow

Bismuth

• use

• Astringent

• Antiseptic

• internal GIT protective for ulcer (antacid + inhibit Helicobacter pylori caused by duodenal ulcer)

Helidac

consists of MTB (Metronidazole, tetracycline, & Bi subsalicylate)

TX duodenal ulcer caused by H. pylori

Prevpac - “LAC” pac: lansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin also for H. pylori caused by D. Ulcer (NO Bi)

Bismuth ointment (30%)

• Silvering mirror  

• Tetracycline; topical formulations

Bismuth Subcarbonate (Bi₂O₃)

Bismuth Subgallate (C₇H₅BiO₆)

Bismuth Subnitrate (Bi₅O(OH)₉(N0₃)₄

• Antacid 

• Astringent 

• Antiseptic

Bismuth Subcarbonate & Bismuth Hydroxide  (Bi₂O₂(CO₃)+ Bi(OH)₃

• Antacid

• Internal protective especially for gastric patient

• Inhibits the growth of H. pylori

 GROUP VB - VANADIUM SUBGROUP

• Oxidation state of +2 through +5

• Shows good reducing property

 GROUP VB - VANADIUM SUBGROUP

• elements

• Vanadium (V) 

• Niobium (Nb)

• Tantalum (Ta)

Vanadium

Insulin-mimetic effect (not used-metal's toxicity)

Tantalum

• Not affected by any body fluid, therefore inert in our body

• Sheet form use in surgical repair of bones, nerve and tissue

• Also for the treatment of HERNIA