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static exercise

muscle length is un changed

eccentric

muscle lengths

aerobic exercise

energy needs
can be matched by oxidative
metabolism. “Aerobic exercise”
implies dynamic, rhythmic, large
muscle-mass exercise that is
within an intensity range that is
sustainable for an extended
period of time (more than a few
minutes).

anaerobic exercise

energy
needs cannot be matched by
oxidative metabolism, and
significant energy must come from
anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism.
“Anaerobic exercise” implies large
muscle-mass exercise that is
above the intensity range that is
sustainable for an extended
period of time (more than a few
minutes).

small muscle mass exercise

muscle mass. This form of exercise
is limited locally by the
characteristics of the muscle
(force generation, fatigability).
While cardiovascular responses
can be profound, they are not a
“limiting factor”. Often
synonymous with Strength or
Resistance Exercise. (rock climing, bench press)

large muscle mass

uses 50% or more of the body’s muscle mass.
With this form of exercise, the cardiovascular response is often the limiting
factor. Often synonymous with Endurance Exercise. (skiing, running biking, anything below the waist)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

not the only energy
molecule in cells, but it is the most important one. Wheth-
er useful energy is produced anaerobically or aerobically,
the energy molecule ATP is the result

ATP-phosphocreatine (PC) energy system

is important as an energy source for physical activities that require
a lot of energy per second, such as sprinting or lifting a
heavy weight. However, this energy source can only pro-
vide energy for a relatively short period of time.

Glycolysis

is a series of 10 oxygen-independent chemical
reactions that break down glucose taken up from the blood
or obtained from glycogen, resulting in the formation of
pyruvate, production of ATP, and production of hydrogen ions
that can be carried to aerobic metabolism

Define absolute workload.

a set exercise load (certain heart rate, work rate, or a given distance) below max but above rest that, when used in individuals of varying athletic ability, results in a different level of challenge for each individual

Define relative workload.

A percentage of an individual's max. When used in multiple people, each individual will be challenged equally (same number of reps or same time to be reached by all individuals)

What does absolute workload allow us to do?

Rank individuals based on the results of a single exercise test

longitudinal study

capturing data over an extended period to analyze changes and trends over time (weeks, years) same group

cross sectional study

collect data at one specific point in time, comparing two different groups in a population

work

a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement, Work is done when a force acts against resistance to produce motion

internal work

work performed within the body – no measurable external
displacement (mechanical, chemical, transport work)

assigned work

External (mechanical) work that we ask someone to
perform

extraneous work

Additional external work that someone does in the
process of performing the assigned work

external assigned work

product of force and distance

work= force x distance

power

how much work is done per unit of time

power= work/time

What is the bioenergetics “big picture”?

Energy is released when biological (chemical/electrical) reactions in the cell proceed toward equilibrium

This energy can be used to do work, i.e. transport, chemical, or mechanical

When this energy is released, it must be immediately regenerated for the system to remain functional

it is vital for cells to have highly regulated systems to prevent them from reaching chemical, physical, or electrical equilibrium

endergonic reactions

require energy to be added (work is done)

exergonic reactions

release energy (so that work can be done)

coupled reactions

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drive reaction

what is atp

Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked
phosphates
ADP + P i + EnergyATP ATPase

how does metabolizing things make energy?

If we break down (break the bonds) protein, carbs, or
fats... We harvest the energy released to make ATP and
HEAT

How do we control the bioenergetics systems?

Store energy in forms that are
“energy dense” until needed
• Create ATP as it is needed
• Transition from quickly available
fuel sources to slower fuel sources
• Simple control system

field

going on a track

lab

missing something, but are in lab

acute adaptation

training involve how the body responds to one bout exercise, elevated heart rate and ventilation rate, redistribution of blood flow, increase in body temperature, and altered metabolic flux.

chronic adaptation

changes in your systems of repeatly doing something, long term changes, over 6 or more weeks, that occur during exercise and can include improved cardiovascular adaptation, respiratory adaptation, muscle tissue adaptation to aerobic training, cardiac hypertrophy, muscular hypertrophy and increased muscle stores

motor pool

A muscle’s Motor Pool is ALL of the motor units that innervate (control) a muscle

small motor unit

Recruited first
Small alpha motor neurons (small axon diameter)

innervates small number of muscle fibers

slow twitch fibers (fatigue resistant)

large motor units

recruited last

large alpha motor neurons

innervates large number of muscle fibers

fast twitch fibers (fatigable)