The Process of Reproduction and Family Planning

Flashcards covering the process of human reproduction, pregnancy stages, trimesters, contraceptive types, teenage pregnancy complications, and family planning methods.

Reproduction

The biological process where an organism is able to produce an offspring, occurring as sexual reproduction in humans.

Puberty

The process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction, typically beginning between ages 8-13 in females and 9-14 in males.

SPERM PRODUCTION

While in males, it will stimulate the

testes to produce testosterone, marking the production of sperm.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

it will stimulate the ovaries in females,

producing estrogen leading to the onset of menstrual cycle.

Ovulation

A phase of the female menstrual cycle that involves the release of an egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries, occurring around the 14th day of a 28-day cycle. It provides the body with much-needed levels of estrogen and progesterone—hormones that play a role well beyond fertility.”

grow and thicken to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

Estrogen causes the lining to _____ . And if pregnancy does not occur,, the uterine lining will shed and become thin again through menstrual flow or menstruation

Fertilization

The union of a sperm cell (male gamete) and an egg cell/ovum (female gamete), forming a zygote.

Conception

Occurs when sperm swims up through the vagina and fertilizes an egg in the fallopian tube, and refers to the whole process of being pregnant, ovulation, and implantation.

Pregnancy

The state or process where an organism carries, develops, and nourishes an offspring inside its womb (uterus), usually lasting about 40 weeks, 280 days, or just over 9 months from the last menstrual period.

Gestational Age

The age of the fetus measured from the first day of the Last-Menstrual-Period (LMP), which is about two weeks ahead of when conception actually occurs.

Germinal Stage

The first stage of fetal development, spanning from fertilization to week 2, which includes zygote formation, cleavage, morula formation, and blastocyst formation.

Cleavage

A series of mitotic divisions where the volume of the zygote divides into numerous small nucleated cells.

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of fetal development, spanning from week 2 to week 8, which includes implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis, and neurulation.

Gastrulation

The formation of 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

Implantation

Blastocyst implantation into the internal walling of the uterus (endometrium) where it further develops.

Fetal Stage

The third stage of fetal development, spanning from week 8 to birth, which includes organ maturation, sensory development, motor skill development, and fat layer formation.

Fetus

A post-embryonic developing offspring that develops inside the mother's womb (uterus) until birth.

First Trimester

Months 1 to 3 of pregnancy, which is the most critical period when the fetus is vulnerable to damage.

Second Trimester

Months 4 to 6 of pregnancy, often referred to as the golden period where the fetus continues to develop and mature.

Third Trimester

Months 7 to 9 of pregnancy, when the fetus gets fully developed, including the lungs, brain, kidneys, vision, and hearing.

Contraceptives

Measures or procedures that use devices, medicine, techniques, and surgery for the prevention of getting pregnant.

Implant

A flexible plastic rod inserted under the skin of a woman's upper arm that prevents pregnancy by releasing the hormone progestogen/progestin.

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A small device inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy, available as Hormonal IUD or Copper IUD.

Injectables (Depo-Provera)

A hormonal birth control method given via an injection containing synthetic progestin, specifically medroxyprogesterone acetane (DMPA).

Pills (Oral Contraceptives)

A popular form of hormonal contraception taken orally that contains synthetic estrogen and progestin (or progestin-only) to inhibit ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and alter the uterine lining.

Patch

A small, square-shaped adhesive patch placed on clean, dry skin that delivers a continuous, steady dose of hormones into the bloodstream to prevent ovulation.

Ring

A flexible, transparent ring about 2 inches in diameter inserted into the vagina that releases synthetic forms of estrogen and progestin hormones.

Diaphragm

A shallow, dome-shaped contraceptive device made of silicone or latex inserted into the vagina before intercourse to cover the cervix and block sperm.

Sponge

A small, soft device made of polyurethane foam inserted into the vagina before intercourse containing nonoxynol-9 spermicide to immobilize sperm.

Fertility-Based Awareness Methods (FAMs)

Natural methods of contraception involving tracking signs and symptoms of a woman's menstrual cycle to identify fertile and non-fertile days, also called Natural Family Planning or Rhythm Method.

Spermicide

A chemical substance used to immobilize sperm and prevent them from reaching and fertilizing an egg, available in films, inserts, jellies, foams, sponges, and creams.

Obstructed Labor

A birth complication common in young mothers under 20 whose pelvic area is still growing, often requiring a caesarean section (C-section) to safely deliver the baby.

Vaginal Fistula

A hole caused by a baby's head tearing the vagina between the vagina and bladder or rectum, preventing the mother from holding urine or feces without surgical repair.

Teenage Pregnancy

Pregnancy occurring in girls aged 19 years or younger, with rates changing from 136,302 in 2021 to 150,138 in 2022 (a $10.2\%$ increase).

Family Planning

The information, means, and methods that allow individuals to decide if and when to have children.