Body systems

Integumentary System

Organs: Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands. Functions: Protection, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, water retention, sensation, nonverbal communication.

Skeletal System

Organs: Bones, ligaments, cartilages. Functions: Support, movement, protection, acid-base balance, electrolyte balance, blood formation.

Muscular System

Organs: Muscles, tendons. Functions: Movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, communication, heat production.

Nervous System

Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, meninges, sympathetic chain of ganglia. Functions: Communication, motor control, sensation.

Endocrine System

Organs: Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries. Functions: Communication, hormone production.

Cardiovascular System

Organs: Heart, aorta, superior and inferior venae cavae, arteries, veins, capillaries. Functions: Transportation, protection by fighting foreign invaders and clotting to prevent its own loss, acid-base balance, fluid and electrolyte balance, temperature regulation.

Lymphatic System

Organs: Thymus gland, spleen, tonsils, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, MALT, Peyer's patches. Functions: Fluid balance, immunity, lipid absorption, defense against disease.

Respiratory System

Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, sinuses, nasal cavity. Functions: Gas exchange, acid-base balance, speech, sense of smell, creation of pressure gradients necessary to circulate blood and lymph.

Digestive System

Organs: Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, cecum, teeth, salivary glands. Functions: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation.

Excretory/Urinary System

Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, lungs, skin, liver. Functions: Removal of metabolic wastes, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation.

Male Reproductive System

Organs: Testes, scrotum, spermatic ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands), penis. Functions: Production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones.

Female Reproductive System

Organs: Ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, vulva, breasts. Functions: Production of an egg, housing of the fetus, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones.