hist 3001

four main phases of the First Crusade

1. Jun-Oct 1097: march to Syria and victory over Turks

2. Oct 1097-Jun 1098: siege and defense of Antioch, taking of Edessa

3. Jun 1098-Jan 1099: period of stagnation in northern Syria

4. Jan-Jun 1099: march on Jerusalem, siege and fall of city

initial cause of Crusades

• Seljuk Turks putting pressure on Byzantine Empire

• Mar 1095: Alexios I Komnenos sends envoy to Council of Piacenza with request for miltiary aid

• Nov 1095: Urban II’s speech at Council of Clermont

motivation for Crusading

• suited pope’s goals (exercising power over Eastern church after schism, asserting power after investiture controversy)

• transformation of request for military aid into campaign of religious revivalism

• practical expression of papal ideology, leadership, power

• schismogenesis + clarity of Christian doctrine/identity emerging in response to threat of Muslim other

just war

• St Augustine’s concept came in response to early Christian theology advocating pacifism, he said there were cases where force could be used

• just cause: divinely commanded, righteous retribution

• unjust wars are fought because of love of violence, power, revenge, etc

Investiture Controversy

• 1076

• argument over whether the pope or king grants power to bishops (invests w symbols of authority, ring and staff)

• excommunication of Henry IV, meeting at Canossa to ask for forgiveness and release his claim of total authority

• neither papacy nor kings emerge unscathed, both sides begin to look to different allies

Unam Sanctum

• 1302

• “One Holy Church”

• Boniface VIII

• documents articulating papal power and claiming authority over religious and temporal matters

Papal Schism

• 1378-1417

• Avignon Papacy (1309-1376)

  • conflict w French monarchs, breaking of papal authority, moved head from Rome to Avignon

• Gregory XI moved back to Rome (1378- Great Schism), two popes elected at his death

• council at Pisa (1409), elected three popes..

• Council of Constance (1414-1415)