King - Lecture Exam 2

Which of the following correctly describes vascular plants?

They contain xylem and phloem for transporting materials

Which tissue is primarily responsible for transporting water and mineral nutrients from roots to leaves?

Xylem

Which tissue transports suagrs produced by photosynthesis throoughout the plant?

Phloem

Both vascular and non-vascular plants conduct which process?

Photosynthesis

Which of the following represents the overall process of photosynthesis described in class?

CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Plants must allocate energy toward which of the following?

Growth, maintenance, and/or reproduction

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major functions of roots discussed in class?

Conduct photosynthesis

The first root formed from a seed is called the:

Radicle

A root that develops from the stem rather than from the radicle is called a(n):

Adventitious root

Which of the following can arise from the radicle?

Taproots and branch roots

Which type of root system consists of numerous roots rather than one primary dominant root?

Fibrous root

Which region of the root protects the actively dividing cells near the root tip?

Root cap

Active mitosis that increases the length of the root occurs primarily in the:

Zone of cell division

In which region do cells primarily increase in size rather than undergo cell division?

Zone of elognation

Cells differentiate for their specific functions primarily in the:

Zone of maturation

Root hairs arise from the ___ and primarily function to ___

Epidermis; increase surface area for absorption

Root hairs would be most directly associated with which function?

Increased surface area for water and nutrient absorption

Which tissue is a single layer of cells that protects the root and regulates water and nutrient movement?

Epidermis

Which tissue primarily stores carbohydrates and is made up of parenchyma cells?

Cortex

The endodermis is best described as:

A layer separating the cortex from the vascular bundle

Which substance in the Casparian strip is hydrophobic and resistant to water?

Suberin

What is the primary function of the Casparian strip?

Regulate water and nutrients entering the vascular bundle

Which structure is responsible for transporting water and mineral nutrients within the root?

Primary xylem

Which structure is responsible for transporting sugars within the root?

Primary phloem

Which layer of cells is responsible for lateral root formation?

Pericycle

The rhizosphere is best described as:

The soil layer surrounding actively growing roots

Why is the rhizosphere important to plants?

It is rich in microbial populations that can aid decomposition and provide nutrients

Root nodules are associated with which bacteria?

Rhizobium

Rhizobium bacteria benefit plants by helping convert:

Nitrogen gas into nitrates

Which group of plants was specificaly discussed as having symbiotic associations with Rhizobium bacteria?

Peas and beans

A plant has a symbiotic association with fungi that improves phosphorus uptake. This association is called?

Mycorrhizae

Which structure forms a waxy layer over the epidermis and reduces water loss?

Cuticle

Which tissue contains the photosynthetic cells of the leaf?

Mesophyll

What is the primary function of stomata?

Allow gas exchange and contribute to water loss

Guard cells directly control:

The opening and closing of stomata

If solutes accumulate inside guard cells, what would you expect to occur?

Water enters the guard cells and the stoma opens

If guard cells lose solutes, what would most likely happen?

Water leaves and the stoma closes

Which three major tissues are found in plant leaves?

Epidermis, mesophyll, and veins

Bundle sheath cells, when presents, aid in the movement of:

Products of photosynthesis to the phloem

Which of the following is one strategy land plants can use to deal with water availability?

Live where water is not in short supply

A plant loses water as a result of its photosynthetic activity. This process is called:

Transpiration

Why is water loss through transpiration a major concern for plants?

Water vapor concentration is higher inside the leaf than outside

Which process helps replace water lost through transpiration?

Movement of water upward through xylem

Whcih combination of forces contributes to the upward movement of water through xylem?

Cohesion, adhesion, tensile strength, and differences in water potential

Water movement through xylem is primarily described in the notes as:

Passive process

Which type of xylem is found in lycophytes, ferns, horsetails, gymnosperms, and some angiosperms?

Tracheids

Vessel elements are characteristics of:

Angiosperms

Which of the following is a risk associated with xylem conduits?

They are fragile and can collapses or break

Freezing can create a risk to xylem because:

Water expands during freezing

Phloem tissue is composed primarily of which two types of cells?

Sieve element cells and companion cells

Which statement best describes movement through phloem?

It can move up or down depending on sources and sinks

Products of photosynthesis are generally transported from leaves to roots through the:

Phloem

Why does phloem transport require energy?

Sugars may be moved against a concentration gradient

Which statement correctly compares xylem and phloem transport?

Xylem is pulled upward, while phloem can be pushed up or down

In the source-sink relationship, leaves are generally considered a:

Source because they produce sugars through photosynthesis

Which structure of the stem provides temporary storage and support tissue?

Cortex

A vascular bundle contains which combinations of tissues?

Primary xylem, primary phloem, and phloem fibers

Which structure provides mechanical support to the stem and protects the phloem?

Phloem fibers

Which tissue transports water and mineral nutrients upward through the stem?

Primary xylem

Which of the following is a horizontal stem that grows below the soil surface and often produces adventitious roots?

Rhizome

Which specialized stem grows along the surface of the soil?

Runner

Potatoes are an example of which specialized stem according to the notes?

Stolon

Which specialized stem is an enlarged bud with a stem at the bottom and adventitious roots, while its '“layers” are actually fleshy leaves?

Bulb

Which specialized stem is composed primarily of stem tissue and is similar to a bulb?

Corm

A flattened stem is called a:

Cladophyll

Growth in plants is best defined as:

An increase in the number, size, and volume of cells

Development is best defined as:

Emergence of specialized, morphologically different body parts

Which part of the plant refers to above-ground growth and development?

Shoot

As the shoot system enlarges, the root system must also increase primarily because:

The roots must meet the demands of the expanding leaves and stems

The regions of a shoot where leaves or branches originate are called:

Nodes

The regions of a shoot between nodes are called:

Internodes

All plants exhibit primary growth, which results in an increase in:

Length

Primary growth is driven by the:

Apical meristem

Primary growth occurs at all of the following locations EXCEPT:

Mature cortex

Secondary growth is characterized by an increase in:

Diameter

Secondary growth is driven by:

Lateral meristems

A plant stem becomes wider as it develops. Which type of growth is primarily responsible?

Secondary growth

A meristem is best described as:

A region where undifferentiated cells divide

Which meristem produces growth of the shoot?

Shoot apical meristem

Which meristem produces growth of the root?

Root apical meristem

Leaf primordia are best described as:

Embryonic leaves that protect the apical meristem

Which structure eventually becomes the epidermis?

Protoderm

Which meristematic tissue becomes the primary xylem and primary phloem?

Procambium

Which meristematic tissue becomes food-storage and support cells?

Ground meristem

Which structure produces new stem buds?

Bud meristem

A researcher discovers a plant tissue that contains a hydrophobic substance and controls which materials enter the vascular bundle from the cortex. Which structure was most likely examined?

Casparian strip

A plant is experiencing a period of water shortage. Which response would help reduce water loss?

Guard cells lose solutes and stomata close

A scientist removes the pericycle from a root. Which process would most directly be affected?

Lateral root formation

A plant has damages primary xylem. Which function would be most directly affected?

Transport of water and mineral nutrients

A plant has functional xylem but damages phloem. Which process would be most directly impaired?

Movement of sugars throughout the plant

A researcher observes that a plant’s roots are increasing in length due to active mitosis at the root tip. Which region is being observed?

Zone of cell division

A researcher observes root cells that have stopped dividing but are becoming larger. Which zone is being observed?

Zone of elognation

A plant is growing taller and longer but is not substantially increasing in diameter. Which process is primarily occuring?

Primary growth

A woody plant is increasing in diameter. Which type of meristem is responsible?

Lateral meristem

A student examines a leaf and finds a waxy layer that reduces water loss, openings that allow CO2 to enter, and cells that control those openings. Which combination is being described?

Cuticle, stomata, guard cells

A plant’s leaves produce sugars that must be transported to its roots. Which tissue and direction of transport are most appropriate?

Phloem: leaves → roots

A researcher finds that water is moving upward through the plant without the transport tissue directly using cellular energy to push it upward. Which tissue and process are being observed?

Xylem: passive transport

A plant has an association with fungi around its roots that improves phosphorus uptake. Which observation would support this conclusion?

Mycorrhizae associated with the roots

A plant develops a horizontal underground structure that produces adventitious roots. Which specialized structure is most likely present?

Rhizome

A botanist examines an onion and notices that the layer surrounding the stem are fleshy structures. According to the notes, these layers are actually:

Fleshy leaves