Israel Palestine Exam

19th Century

Ottoman Empire

Early Caliphate

622-633 Muhummad

The Rightly guided Claiphates

632-662

The Umayyad Caliphate

661-750

tanzimat reforms in the ottoman empire

modernization of the state through domestic and international strengthening

The Capitulations

those subject to european law while living in the ottoman empire

Caanan

god promised homeland of the Israelites

Abraham

Father of the promised land

David

King of Israelites until 960BCE

What did David do?

Captured Jersusalem, brought unity to the empire

Solomon

davids son, ruled until 930 BCE

What did Solomon do?

built a palace and the first holy temple in jerusalem

Aftermath of Solomons rule

Kingdom split into Judea and Israel

Ages of Arab Development

The Jahilyia (pre islam 500-610 BCE)

Age of Expansion (7th-10th CE)

Age of Decline (10th-19th CE)

Nadha Renaissance Nadha (19th-Now)

Jahaliya

-society built around nomadic tribes

-fragmentation and warfare

Age of Expansion

-Muhummand and Establishment of Islam

-Umayyads (661-750 CE)

-abbasids (750-1258CE )-sunni orthodoxy

fatmids (909-1171) Shia dynasty in Cairo

Itjihad

Differing opinions on what Islamic law says in certain instances are evaluated. Applies reason to religious law. Open interpretstaion of religious law

Age of Decline 10th-19th Century’s aka FITNA

-itjuhad closed, seljuk turks

-Ottomans took control in 16th century

Arab Reawakening 19th C-Now

-napolean

-muhimmad al

-defensive modernization

-colonialism

Napoleans Invasion of Egypt

1798

Muhammad Ali

Governer of egypt 1805-1848

founder of defesnive modernization

-Ali’s army invaded Syria and Palestine in 1832, driving out the Ottomans and establishing Egyptian control over the region

What is Defensive Modernization

borrow military/economic systems from europe but preserve culture, invited european imperialism

Rafi al-tatawi

intellectual father of the Nahda (the Arab Renaissance)

went to france with students to learn more about europe

Who were the Assayrians

conquerers of north kingdom of israel and south kingdom of judah under nebechenzar in 722 BCE

Assayrian Conquest of Israel

722 BCE

babylonian conquest of israel

586 BCE

What did the babylonians do

detroyed jerusalem and the first temple, deported jews, some remained in palestine

What happened during the Babylonian exile

developed important centers of learning and legal scholarship.

Who took over the babylonians in 538 6th C. BCE

Cyrus the great leader of persia

What did cyrus do

allowed jews to return to jerusalem and rebuild the second temple

alexander the great

conquered the persians and judea

-postive towards jews

Syrian Selecuid Empire

300-100s BCE

What did the Secelucids do

banned jewish practicve and turned the temple to an altar of zeus

Maccabean Revolt when

(167–164 BCE)

What was the Maccabean revolt

 the rebels recaptured much of Jerusalem and rededicated the Second Temple, gaining independence

Hasmonean Rule (140–63 BCE):

maccabean brother made dynsastly, taken over by rome

Who detroyed the second temple

Romans in 70 CE

Muslim Spain

Jews in Muslim Spain experienced a relative “golden age” under the Umayyad dynasty in the 8th century onwards

Haskalah

Jewish Enlightenment- moses medndelson in germany, intellectual and cultural development

Moses Hess 1682

• Believed Zionism could help address the problems of the Jews. 

• Socialist, early beginnings of socialist modern zionism

Jamal al-din-al Afgani 1870-1890

called to reopen the gates of itjihad

-proto arab nationalism with base of islam

-anti european imperialism

Ahad haam 1890s

Cultural Zionism- jewish state built on jewish spirtuality

recognized palestinan rights and warned against

Chaim Weizmann late 1800-early1900s

developed acetone in ww1, improved jew realtionshops with britain, lobbyist for balfour decvlaration. GRADUALIST ZIONISM

May Laws 1882

Russian laws under Tsar mass retictions on jews

Assimilationist Approach

• Some Jews believed that they needed to integrate into their countries’ national cultures and that acceptance could be attained without abandoning Judaism

Reform Judiism

Influenced by mendelssohn, Goal of making religious practices more 'palatable'

Alliance Israelite Universalle

• International education consortium that established 100 schools in many countries by 1900

• Emphasized fluency in home country's national language

• Some Hebrew and religion taught, but mostly focused on professional development and European culture

Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi and letters with Herzl (1899)

• The interactions between Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi, a Palestinian Arab and former mayor of Jerusalem, and Theodor Herzl, the leading founder of modern Zionism regarding the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine in March 1899

• 
  

Theodor Herzl

founder of modern political zionism

he realized that there was a need for a Jewish state after seeing the antisemitic rallies (“Death to the Jews”) in France in response to the Dreyfus affair trials of 1894.

He initially wanted to diplomatic agree with Ottomans, but this did not occur

achieve security through the means of an independent Jewish state, not just a Jewish homeland without statehood,

When and where was the first zionist Congress

Basel, 1897

Labor Zionism

David Ben-gurion

built kibbutuzism

jewish society through owning and working the land

Classical Religious zionism

• Ancient Jewish religious and historical attachment to Zion, Jerusalem, and the Land of Israel

• Anticipated eventual redemption associated with the coming of the Messiah

first Aliyah 1182-1903

Jews from pale of settlement in easten europe fleeing prgrom violence

Around 25,000 to 35,000 immigrants,

Second Aliyah 1904-1914

Approximately 35,000 to 40,000

socialists and national developers mostlyu from russia, established collective farms

Third Aliyah (19

1919-1923

Following ww1 and balfour,

spread the kibbutism

Fourth Aliyah (1924–1928/1929):

Polish and eastern eurpean jews

Roughly 67,000 immigrants

Firth aliya 1929-1939

jews fleeinng during wwII

Leon Pinksker 1890s

Wrote Auto-emancipation-

argued that modern political Zionism, along with an increased sense of Jewish nationalism and self-determination, was the only way for the Jewish population to survive. 

Herzl's Der Judenstaat

• “a slender volume that was in fact a revised version of his appeal to the Rothschilds, and which soon became the manifesto of the nascent Zionism movement.” (p. 45). no assimilation, statehood only endc to anti-semitism

The Dreyfus Affair

Jewish french officer wrongfully convicted. Down with the jews, inspired that herzl’;s stance on non assimilation

Jewish National Fund

• The Jewish National Fund was created in 1901 at the Fifth Zionist Congress to purchase and develop land in Palestine

• After the war in 1947-1948 and Israel’s declaration of independence, the Jewish National Fund acquired huge tracts of Palestinian Refugee Land from Israel through legal property transfers

The Uganda Plan

• Proposed to Herzl by British colonial secretary Joeseph Chamberlain in 1903 to have British East Africa as a Jewish homeland

Kishniev Pogrom 1903

violent anti-jewish riot in russia

jabonstinksy early 1920s

Revisionist Zionism- advocated for the iron wall and strong military to establish statehood because arabs would never voluntarily accept

Huessain McMacon agreement 1915

Britain promised Sharif Hussein of Mecca an independent Arab state in exchange for an Arab revolt against the Ottomans.

Sykes-Picot 1916

Secret pact of britain and france to divide the ottoman middle east into spehres of influence

Young Turk Revolution 1908

• A constitutionalist movement led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

• The movement promoted constitutional government and a shared civic identity for Ottoman subjects, rather than defining political belonging mainly through religion

balfour declaration 1917

Balfour to rothschild,

Promised national home for the jewish people israeli state in mandatory palestine

Weizmann faisal agreement 1919

Emir Faisal (son of Hussein) and Chaim Weizmann agreed to Jewish immigration if he got a large Arab state. It failed because Faisal was deposed by France and didn't speak for the Palestinians.

When was the british mandate era

1920-1948

San Remo Conference (1920) & League of Nations Mandate (1922)

Britain is given the mandate over Palestine, officially incorporating the Balfour Declaration. and giving parts of the middle east to differnet countrie

Churchill White Paper (1922)

Britain clarified that not all of Palestine would be a Jewish home, and immigration should be limited by "economic absorptive capacity."

Hajj amin al husayni

Muftiof jersusalem, supreme leader opf the muslim council. worked to prevent land sales to jerusalem

The Supreme Muslim Council

highest governing body for Muslim community affairs in British-controlled Palestine, possible by british administration

1936-1939 Arab Revolt

uprising against british and jewish immigration led by the arab higher commitee (also led by husayni) DREW SUPPORT FROM LANDLESS PEASANTS Was unsuccsessful but let to 1939 peel commision

Macdonald White paper 1939

restricted jewish immigration, land sales, and promised plaetinian independence in 10 years. Also during yime of holocaust, angered zionists and jews

Histadrut 1920

Jewsish workers made instatutions led by ben gurion

Haganah 1920

First ideation of the IDF, military group. helped created y jobontinsky

Irgun 1931

right-wing, revisionist Zionist underground militia led for a time by future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin

Lehi (stern group)

Formed in 1940 by Avraham Stern Lehi (Lohamei Herut Israel) was an even more extreme splinter group that broke away from the Irgun because the Irgun temporarily paused anti-British operations during World War II

king david hotel bombing

1946, the militant Zionist group Irgun bombed the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, which served as the British military and administrative headquarters in Mandatory Palestine.

UNGA 181 (Nov 1947):

The UN Partition Plan. Divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states with Jerusalem as an international zone. Zionists accepted; Arabs rejected.

1948 War:

Israel declares independence (May 14, 1948). Arab states invade. Israel wins and gains more territory than the UN plan gave them.

arab political parties

The National Defense Party: 1934. Nashashibis, modertae

Izz al-Din al-Qassam

Supported the resistance to the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911 by helping get donations and volunteers.

Passfield Paper 1930

Proposed an Arab-majority representative Legislative Council.

Hope simpson shaw comissions

• Shaw Commission (1930): investigated the August 1929 violence.

  1. Linked the outbreak to Arab political/national frustration and fears about Jewish immigration, land purchases, and economic security.

Peel comission 1936

• Formed by the British government in August 1936 following escalating violence and a six-month Arab general strike. [1, 2, 3]

• Core Conclusion: Published on July 7, 1937, the report declared that the British Mandate had become unworkable because the nationalist aspirations of Arab and Jewish communities were fundamentally incompatible. [1, 2, 3]

• The Partition Plan: It recommended terminating the Mandate and partitioning the territory into three components: jews soatsal trip palestine to transjordan

• birts take bethelem and jerusalem

  • 
    

Biltmore Program 1942

"Biltmore Program": Objective of Zionist movement was to control all of Palestine as a Jewish State

Unwra

palestinian refugge un commission

Plan dalet

• Haganah military objective with the goal of securing the territory allocated to the proposed Jewish state and protecting key routes and communities ahead of the end of the British Mandate over Palestine

  • Haganah: a Zionist underground military organization, served as the primary defense for Jewish communities, later evolved into the modern day IDF

Deir Yassin

West of Jerusalem, Zionist army groups being the Irgun and Lehi which were supported by the haganah, this attack resulted in the death of about 120 Palestinians.

Count Folke Bernadotte

Bernadotte was a Swedish diplomat, who had rescued many Jews during the second world war. Bernadotte was one of the key people relating to UN 181 where his goal was the create a ceasefire between Israel and Palestine.

UN resolution 194 the Right of Return

The resolution dated dec. 11 1948 made it so refugees could return home peacefully. Additionally the property that they had was to be paid for by new owners. However this resolution was rejected by israel.

lavon affair 1954

In July 1954, Defense Ministry operatives planned a sabotage scheme in which Israeli agents and about a dozen locally recruited Egyptian Jews planted bombs and set fires at public buildings in Cairo and Alexandria including libraries of the United States Information Service.

Nasser of Egypt

coup against king farouk in 1954 becoming PM

Nationalization of the Suez Canal (1956)

• The transition of control over the Suez Canal from British and French shareholders to Egypt under President Nasser in July 26, 1956 LED TO SINAI SUEZ

The United Arab Republic

political union between Egypt and Syria.

-Created in 1958 under Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.

-Syria withdrew in 1961, due to economic political and economic dissatisfaction due to disproportionate Egyptian control compared to Syria, although the name was kept until 1971.

Six-Day/June War 1967

• Increasing pressure within Jordan to counter Israel’s invasion of the West Bank.

• New Fatah raids against Israel and more armed clashes on the Israel-Syrian border.

• A dogfight between Israel and Syria over Mount Hermon. Syria claimed that Israel had deliberately initiated the attack in order to justify their a major attack later.

• The USSR informed Egypt and Syria that Israeli troops were gathering near the Syrian frontier.

• On May 16th, Egyptian authorities declared a state of emergency, causing for the UNEF commander to withdrawal all UN forces out of Egyptian territory.

• On May 30th, King Hussein of Jordan traveled to Egypt. After six hours, Nasser and King Hussein signed a mutual defense pact.

• Israel was aware of all these developments and were preparing to attack first. On June 5 they launched a devastating aerial strike, destroying over 350 Arab bombers and fighter planes. By knocking out their fleets, the IDF were able to push forward on all fronts, gaining a large amount of Arab territory. This strategy ultimately won Israel the war, with the Arab states agreeing to a cease fire on June 10th.

Khartoum Summit and the Three Noes

•  Arab leaders agreed on “No peace with israel, no recognition of israel, and no negotiations with Israel”