Ap bio functional groups !! (copy)

Functional groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Hydroxyl group

A functional group with the structure -OH, consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, as in ethanol (C2H5OH).

Amino group

A functional group with the structure -NH₂, composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, as in methylamine (C1H3N).

Phosphate group

A functional group with the structure -OPO(OH)₂, containing one phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, as in glycerol phosphate.

Carbonyl group

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), common in ketones and aldehydes, as in acetone (C3H6O).

Sulfhydryl group

A functional group with the structure -SH, composed of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, as in cysteine.

Carboxyl group

A functional group with the structure -COOH, combining a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group bound to the same carbon atom, as in acetic acid (C2H4O2).

Methyl group

A functional group with the structure -CH₃, composed of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, as in methyl formate (HCOOCH₃).