Tectonics and volcanism quiz study

Two major controls on landformation

Endogenic (occurs inside the earth)

Exogenic (occurs on the surface of earth)

Whats a rock

Assemblage of minerals

Whats a mineral

Naturally occuring inorganic substance (building blocks)

Two types of silicate minerals

Alumino-silicate minerals and Ferro-magnesian minerals

Characteristics of Alumino-silicate minerals

High in aluminum (Al)

Labelled Felsic

light colour

light weight

Characteristics of Ferro-magnesian minerals

Rich in magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)

Labelled Mafic

Dark colour

Heavy weight

Three types of rocks

Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic rocks

Formation of Igneous rocks

Formed through cooling and solidification of molton rock

Igneous rock classification

Extrusive igneous rock (rapid cooling on surface creating small crystals)

Intrusive igneous rock (slow cooling below surface creating large crystals)

In water (very fast cooling creating no crystals)

Formation of sedimentary rocks

Formed through accumulation of sediment or deposits produced by weathering

Sedimentary rocks classification

Clastic sedimentary rocks (formed through sediment accumulation)

Chemically precipitated rocks (formed through dissolved liquids)

Organically derived rocks (formed from organic dead material)

Formation of metamorphic rocks

Formed through alteration under high temperatures and high pressure

Classification of metamorphic rocks

Degree of alteration, either Low, Medium or High

What is lithification

the compaction, recrystalization or cementation of sediments creating clastic sedimentary rocks

“rock cycle”

main parts of earths structure

Crust

Mantle

Core

what is the crust

Outermost solid shell

what is the mantle

rock layer under crust

what is the Moho

Boundary between crust and mantle

what is the lithosphere

brittle outer shell of earth (crust plus upper mantle)

what are divergent or spreading boundaries

Oceanic plates undergo seperation casuing formation of new lithosphere

what are converging boundaries

between two colliding plates (lithosphere is consumed)

Continental + Oceanic = Subduction zone

Oceanic + Oceanic = Island arc

Continental + Continental = Surture zone

What are transform boundaries (faults)

Two lithosphere plates move past each other

What are fold belts

formed from compression of flat sedimentary strata by continental collision

Creates Anticlines (ridges) and Synclines (valleys)

What are normal faults

Vertical movement of crustal blocks along a steep fault plane

What are reverse faults

One crustal block riding up over another

Produces overhaning scarps

What are overthrust faults

One crustal block riding over another at a low angle

low angle reverse fault

what are transform faults

horizontal movement of crustal blocks on a vertical fault plane