ap bio unit 1

monomer

small building block molecules

polymers

large molecules made of monomers bonded together

carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides (glucose)

carbohydrates polymer

polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

protein monomer

amino acids

protein polymer

polypeptide, folds into a protein

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

nucleic acid polymer

DNA or RNA

Lipids monomer

built from glycerol (3 molecules) and fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chain)

dehydration synthesis

reaction joining monomers by removing water and forming a covalent bond

cells build polymers using…

dehydration synthesis

first step of dehydration synthesis

one monomer loses a hydrogen

second step of dehydration synthesis

another monomer loses a hydroxyl group (OH)

step three of dehydration synthesis

H+OH= H20

step four of dehydration synthesis

a new covalent bond forms between the monomers then the water is removed and the monomers become linked

dehydration synthesis what is does:

builds larger molecules from smaller ones, forms covalent bonds, needs enzymes to speed up.

dehydration synthesis pathway:

anabolic pathway

anabolic pathway

making larger more complex cells

hydrolysis

breaks polymers into monomers

hydrolysis steps

H20 added, water molecule splits into H+OH, covalent bond between monomers breaks, H attaches to one monomer OH to another

hydrolysis pathway

catabolic pathway

catabolic pathway

break larger to smaller

hydrolysis happens during

digestion

types of bonds in macromolecules depends on..

covalent bonds (atoms share electrons)