Nutrition exam 3

Anabolic reaction

Reactions in which smaller molecules are put together to build larger ones (consumes energy)

• Glucose to glycogen

• Glycerol + fatty acids to triglycerides

• Amino acids to proteins

Catabolic reactions

Reaction where larger molecules are broken down to smaller ones (releases energy)

• Glycogen to glucose

• Triglycerides to glycerol + fatty acids

• Proteins to amino acids

Streptococcus mutan

Bacteria that causes cavities

Facial cellulitis

Upper teeth spread up towards the eyes and brain

Bottom teeth can spread down towards heart and lungs

Dysbiosis

Condition that occurs when the balance of microorganism in the body is disrupted

CLASBI

Central line associated blood stream infection

Glycolysis

Conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each). Hydrogen atoms carried to ETC

• Pyruvate can be converted back into glucose

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrates to maintain blood sugar levels

Glucogenic

A substance (amino acid or compound) that can be converted into glucose through a metabolic process called gluconeogenesis

Glycerol

3 carbon backbone of a triglyceride

Where does a TG enter the metabolic cycle?

Fatty acid chains are broken down into acetyl CoA (2 carbon from fatty acid + CoA enzyme) and enter at the TCA cycle

Where do AA/proteins enter the energy cycle?

Several entry points in the energy pathway

• Converted to pyruvate (glucogenic)

• Converted to acetyl CoA (ketogenic)

• Enter the TCA cycle directly

• Amino acids to glucose

What fuel source does the body use initially if CHO are not available?

Protein (only those amino acids that are converted into pyruvate)

What is lactic acid?

What kind of metabolism does lactic acid occur in?

Can lactic acid form glucose?

What happens if one consumes excess CHO/protein/fat?

Metabolism favors fat formation when eating in excess. Excess CHO/protein/fat convert to fat (excess fat is more direct and efficient conversion)

What happens if a diet is insufficient in CHO/protein/fat?

Your body switches to wasting metabolism (slows to conserve energy/body tissue). It draws on readily available CHO, fat, and vital protein tissues. Ketosis occurs

• Amino acids that make pyruvate are used to make glucose

• Glycogen to glucose

• Triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol (fat breakdown increases)

What are ketones?

Alternate energy source when glucose is not available (low CHO diets)

• Can provide fuel for some brain cells

• Body goes into ketosis

• Spill into urine and fruity odor on the breath (acetone)

What do ketones form?

2 acetyl CoA molecules combined through dehydration. A hydroxyl group is then removed to form the ketone body, acetone.

What do ketones show?

BMR

RMR

TEF

PA

What factors increase and decrease BMR?

How can you safely increase BMR?

What is BMI?

What does BMI include/not include?

What are the problems with unhealthy weight loss?