ANSC 415 Exam 3

The relative proportion of red blood cells to plasma

What is hematocrit?

Hemoglobin

What causes the red color of blood?

There is a lower degree of saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Arterial blood changes from a bright red color to a darker purplish color when it becomes venous blood. What causes this?

Bilirubin

Plasma is yellow to colorless, depending on the quantity and species. What causes its color?

It transports CO₂, which is hydrated and forms hydrogen ions, lowering the pH

Venous blood is slightly more acidic than arterial blood. What causes it?

Bone marrow

Where are red blood cells formed?

1 molecule of globin combined with 4 heme groups

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Iron (Fe²⁺)

In the erythrocytes, each heme group contains an atom that combines reversibly with one oxygen molecule. What atom is that?

Fe²⁺ oxidizes to Fe³⁺, which cannot bind oxygen, therefore no transport of oxygen

Why is methemoglobin a bad thing to have?

CO occupies the oxygen site, but hemoglobin’s affinity for CO is 200x greater than oxygen, blocking oxygen’s binding

Why is carboxyhemoglobin a bad thing to have?

A protein found primarily in skeletal muscle

What is myoglobin?

Production of erythrocytes

What is erythropoiesis?

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

What cells are erythrocytes formed from?

Reticulocyte

An erythrocyte just entering the bloodstream and having a net-like appearance because of polyribosomes and ribosomes is known as what?

Reduced O₂ levels

What is the stimulus for the production of erythropoietin?

Kidneys

Where is erythropoietin produced?

RBCs sickle shape make them vulnerable to destruction → resulting in reduced # of RBCs & reduced concentration of hemoglobin

What causes “anemia” in sickle cell anemia? (Why are animals with such disease anemic?)

Hemoglobin

A reddish color of plasma that may be coupled with a red color of urine is caused by what molecule?

MPS cells

What cells phagocytize red blood cells?

Ferritin & hemosiderin

During the destruction of aged red blood cells, iron can be stored in the MPS cells as what?

Transferrin

During the destruction of aged red blood cells, iron can be transferred to plasma, where it becomes what?

Albumin-bilirubin complex

During the destruction of aged red blood cells, bilirubin is transported to the liver as what?

Liver

In which organ does bilirubin conjugate with glucuronic acid to become water soluble?

Albumin-bilirubin complex

Jaundice (icterus) is present in a dog. Severe liver disease is apparent. What molecule is the cause of the icterus?

Haptoglobin

In the case of intravascular hemolysis, what molecule binds to hemoglobin and prevents it from getting in the kidney tubules?

1. Hemoglobinemia

2. Hemoglobinuria

What two conditions can occur if sufficient haptoglobin is not available to bind to hemoglobin when it gets in the plasma following intravascular hemolysis?

Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) combined with apoferritin

What is ferritin?

Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) combined with apotransferrin

What is transferrin?

Fe³⁺

To avoid toxicity, iron is stored in cells bound with a protein in which of its oxidation states?

Hemosiderin

In addition to ferritin, a more insoluble iron-storing protein complex accumulates in time of excess. What is the name of this protein complex?

Anemia

A reduction in the number of red blood cells, the conc. of hemoglobin, or both is known as what?

They have iron-deficiency anemia due to rapid growth & consequent need for more blood

Why is anemia so common in baby pigs?

Decrease in plasma volume that causes an increase in erythrocyte mass

What is relative polycythemia?

An overproduction of red blood cells

What is absolute polycythemia?

1. Basophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Neutrophils

There are 3 major types of granulocytes. What are they?

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

There are 2 types of agranulocytes. What are they?

Monocytes

Which leukocyte will become a fixed macrophage when it enters tissue spaces?

Lymphocytes

B cells and T cells are what type of leukocytes?

Pus

Dead neutrophils and their liquid is known as what?

IgE

Basophils appear in inflammatory reactions. They have receptors for what?

By way of histaminase in their granules

Basophils initiate and enhance allergic reactions whereas eosinophils tend to dampen them. How do eosinophils dampen allergic reactions?

Monocytes

Which one is the largest leukocyte?

Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS)

What is the name of the system whose cells are either monocytes or are derived from monocytes?

T cells

Which lymphocytes are derived from lymphoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells), form in the bone marrow and finish development in the thymus?

T cells

Which lymphocytes are involved in cellular immunity?

Killer cells

Cytotoxic T cells are also known as what cells?

Cytokines

Once activated, helper T cells start to secrete molecules that activate virtually all the other cells of the immune system. What are those molecules called?

Memory T cells

What is the name of the T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated and are able to respond to the same antigen when exposed at a later date?

Regulatory T cells

What type of T cells act to suppress the immune response?

1. Plasma cells

2. Memory B cells

After exposure to an antigen, activated B cells proliferate and transform into which 2 types of cells?

Antibodies

Plasma cells produce large quantities of immunoglobulins. What is the other name of these immunoglobulines?

Humoral immunity

Antibodies inactivate the foreign substance by causing agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, or lysis. What is the name of this type of immunity (as opposed to cellular immunity)?

The process of coating invading particles for phagocytosis

What is opsonization?

Leukopenia

What is the term that refers to a reduced number of leukocytes?

A cancer of white blood cells

What is leukemia?

Plasma

What is the name of the noncellular, liquid part of blood?

Serum

When blood is allowed to clot, the coagulation factors are removed and the liquid is known as what?

1. Albumin

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogen

What are the 3 major classes of plasma proteins?

The mechanism that leads to the cessation of bleeding

What is hemostasis?

Platelets

What cells in the blood assists in hemostasis?

Ca²⁺

Which cation plays an important role in blood coagulation?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin plays an important role in blood coagulation?

The endothelial cell surface has a negative charge that repels the negatively charged platelets

Name one way the vascular endothelium prevents activation of blood coagulation.

Fibrin

What is the name of the mesh of the blood clot?

Binds its receptor on adjacent platelets, resulting in the release of stored Ca²⁺ followed by Ca²⁺ influx

During platelet activation, the platelets start to secrete thromboxane A2 (TXA2). What does thromboxane A2 do?

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

What does the prothrombinase complex do during blood clot formation?

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

What does thrombin do during blood clot formation?

Plasmin

Which proteolytic enzyme provides for the breakdown of fibrin to fibrin degradation products?

Inactivates thrombin by binding to it, preventing thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin

Antithrombin III is a protein in the blood. What does it do?

Can bind to antithrombin III and increases its effectiveness

Heparin is produced by mast cells in pericapillary tissues. What does it do?

Destroys the activity of factors Va (cofactor in the prothrombinase complex) and VIIIa (cofactor in tenase complex)

What does Protein C do?

They bind Ca²⁺ so that it is not available for the coagulation process

How do chelating agents added to blood prevent coagulation?

Turbinate bones (dorsal concha & ventral concha)

The nasal cavities contain mucosa-covered bones that project to the interior and separate each cavity into passages. What is the name of these bones?

Turbinate bones

Which respiratory structures serve to warm and humidify inhaled air and also to cool blood going to the brain?

Pharynx

What is the name of the common passageway for air and food that is caudal to the nasal cavities.

Larynx

What is the organ of phonation in mammals?

Syrinx

What is the organ of phonation in birds?

Where the trachea divides to form the bronchi

Where is they syrinx located?

Glottis

What is the slit-like opening between the vocal cords?

A movable “lid” just above the larynx (at the root of the tongue)

What is epiglottis?

Trachea

What is the name of the primary passageway for air to the lungs?

Incomplete

Are tracheal rings in mammals complete or incomplete?

Alveoli

What is the basic unit of gas exchange between the air and blood?

A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs & lines the chest cavity

What is pleura?

Abdominal breathing

A condition of pleuritis would accentuate which type of breathing?

Costal breathing

Which type of breathing is characterized by pronounced rib movements?

Tidal volume

The amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle is known as what?

Residual volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration is known as what?

The total volume of air that a person can breathe in after forced expiration

What is vital capacity?

Partial pressure

What is defined as the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases?

Yes

Is it true that arterial blood taken from one part of the body has the same gas content as arterial blood from another part of the body?

No

Is it true that venous blood taken from one part of the body has the same gas content as venous blood from another part of the body?

760 mmHg

What is the total pressure of atmospheric air?

Alveolar air

Is atmospheric air or alveolar air that has lower PO₂, higher PCO₂, lower PN₂?

Volume of air that is inspired but takes no part in gas exchange

What is dead space?

Both decrease

How do intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures change during inspiration?

Decreases

How does pressure within the mediastinal space change during inspiration?

Increases

How does intrapulmonic pressure change during expiration?

Collapsed lung → when the intrapleural space is opened & the diaphragmatic contraction cannot generate a vacuum to inflate the lungs

What is pneumothorax?

Trauma/injury

What is usually the reason for pneumothorax?