A&P Lecture Notes

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the parts of the body and the relationship between those parts

Physiology

Function of structures or parts/ how they work, perform

Gross Anatomy

What we can see with naked eye

Micro Anatomy

What we cant see with naked eye, need a microscope (cells)

X ray allows us to see

Gross anatomy of bones (what we can see w naked eye)

Developmental Anatomy

Allows us to see structure changes from birth to death

Cytology

Study of cells

Hystology

Study of tissue

What happens if you alter or change structure

You will change function

Pathology

Study of the disrupter of normal structure/function due to disease

Pathogen

Any disease producing material (germs Microrganisms)

Microoragnisms

Any organisms you cant see with naked eye

Microbiology

Study of organisms you cant see with naked eye

What is immune system apart of

Many other systems of the body

Sign of disease

Objective evidence (rash)

Symptom

Subjective, only you are aware. Cant be directly observed by others

Life

Conditions, characteristics, functions and qualities that let you know your alive

What are a few life functions

Metabolism, adaptation, growth

Characteristics of life

• Made up of cells

• Energy requirements (food, water, nutrients, oxygen, sunlight)

• Respond to stimuli (light, sound, smell, touch)… senses (allows us to adapt)

• Maintain a level of structural organization from simple to complex

How do you have quality of life

Ability to move/perform motion

What are the levels or organization (smallest-largest)

1. Chemical

• Atomic

• Molecular

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. System

6. Organism (body)

Control Group

Baseline, what you compare to

Depended variable

Result of experiment

Stress

Bodies nonspecific response to demands made on it, both physical and emotional

What hormone does stress produce

Cortisol

Psychosomatic response

Physical response to psychological factors such as stress and anxiety

Anatomical Postion

Subject stands face forward with head level, eyes forward, feet flat facing forward and arms at side with palms forward

Supine

Face up, chest up

Prone

Chest down, face down

Superior

Toward the top/head

Inferior

Away from the top/head

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of the body

Medial

Toward middle of the body

Lateral

Toward side of the body

Proximal

Closer to origin, going up

Distal

Further from origin, going down

Superficial (external)

Towards the surface

Deep (internal)

Toward the cure of the body

Two main body divisions

Axial and appendicular

Axial division

Central axes of body (head, neck, and trunk), houses vital organs

Appendicular division

Structure to outside of trunk (upper and lower limbs), primarily responsible for movement

Body planes

Imaginary flat surfaces that seperate the body or parts into portions

How many vertical body planes are there? What are they?

2- Frontal and Sagital

Frontal plane (Coronal)

Divides body into anterior or posterior (front and back)

Sagital plane (midline)

Divides body into right or left

How many horizontal body planes? What are they?

1- Transverse plane

Transverse plane

Divides body into upper and lower portions

What is a body cavity?

Fluid filled areas in body that protect, support, house/hold organs and other structures

What are body cavities made up of?

Made up of body walls or some type of tissue covering membrane that encloses/protects structures within

Two main body cavities

Dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

Dorsal cavity

Located along the back of the body and is made up of cranial cavity (housing the brain) and the vertebral cavity (enclosing the spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

Located at the front of the body and is made up of the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (abdominol and pelvic cavities)

Diaphragm

Separates thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity// Thoracic cavity is above

Pericardial Cavity

Located within middle of mediastinum

What separates abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Nothing

What is larger? Abdominal or pelvic

Abdominal

What is the abdominal pelvic cavity separated into?

4 quadrants and 9 regions

What are the 4 quadrants made up of?

Two planes. One vertical, one horizontal

What plane crosses umbilicus plane?

Transverse plane

What is largest internal structure (organ)?

Liver

What is the largest external organ?

Skin

What are the 9 regions made up of?

Two vertical and two horizontal planes with the middle being the umbilicus

What intestine is larger?

Small intestine

Ventral/Anterior body membranes name

Serous membrane

Serous membranes

Thin double layered fluid filled tissue sheets, which functions to line body cavity walls and cover, support, contain, and protect the body organs

What does serous membrane provide?

Cushion and lubrication to reduce friction or rubbing of the organs when they move/function

What do serous membranes secrete?

Serous fluid, which reduces friction

How many layers of serous membrane? and what are they?

2 layers

• Parietal layer

• Visceral layer

Parietal layer

Outer layer that lines cavity walls

Visceral layer

Inner layer that covers organ

2 specific membranes that line the walls and cover the organs in the thoracic cavity

1. Pleura

2. Pericardium

Pleura

Line and covers the lungs

Pericardium

Serous membrane sack that lines and cover the heart

Pleuritis

Inflammation of pleura

• Difficulty breathing/ dry cough

Pericarditis

Inflammation of pericardium

One specific membrane in abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Peritoneum

Line and covers the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritonitis

Inflammation of peritoneum

Chemistry

Scientific study of matter and all its composition and characteristics

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass or weight

3 states of matter

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

Smallest unit of matter

Atom

What are atoms made up of?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Chemistry process

Atoms-molecules-elements-compounds

What do all body chemical reactions require

Energy

4 different body energies

• Chemical- breaking food down/ turning food into protein

• Electrical-

• Mechanical- Physical muscle movement

• Thermal- Creating heat

Body is made up of 96% of what 4 main elements

1. Oxygen- Most abundant element in body

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Nitrogen

What are the other elements called (not apart of the 96%)

Smaller or trace elements

Ion

Positive or negatively charged atoms

Electrolyte

Body mineral that has a positive or negative electric charge

Free radicals

Highly reactive, unstable molecules that are result of life long exposure to environmental factors and normal body things we do everyday

What do free radicals cause

Oxidation

• effects DNA of cells

Example of environmental factors regarding free radicals

Overexposure to ultraviolet light

Air, water, and soil pollution contribute to free radicals

What are alternative to free radicals?

• Antioxidants

• Vitamins A, C, E, Zinc

• Dark colored fruits and vegetables

Body Compounds

Made up of more than 1 type of element / 2 or more

ex. water

2 main types of body compounds

• Inorganic

• Organic

Inorganic Compounds

Do not contain the element of carbon

Organic Compounds

Contain carbon atoms, comes from living sources/ plants or animals

What is the most abundant inorganic compound?

Water