Class 9 Science - Biology Revision Guide: Plant & Animal Tissues and Reproduction

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Plant and Animal Tissues as well as Modes of Reproduction and Flowering Plant Biology from the Class 9 Science Revision Guide.

Apical meristem

Meristematic tissue located at the root and shoot tips that is responsible for increasing the length of the plant.

Intercalary meristem

Meristematic tissue located at the nodes or bases of leaves that is responsible for stem elongation between nodes.

Lateral meristem

Meristematic tissue located on the sides of stems and roots that is responsible for increasing the thickness or girth (girth growth).

Parenchyma

Simple permanent tissue composed of unspecialized, thin-walled living cells used primarily for food storage.

Collenchyma

Simple permanent tissue that provides flexibility and mechanical support, allowing plant parts (like stems and leaves) to bend easily without snapping.

Sclerenchyma

Simple permanent tissue composed of thick-walled, dead cells containing lignin that provides extreme hardness and rigidity (e.g., coconut husk, grit in pears).

Xylem

Complex permanent tissue that transports water and mineral nutrients unidirectionally upwards from roots to leaves; composed of tracheids, vessels, living xylem parenchyma, and dead xylem fibers, with most cells being dead.

Phloem

Complex permanent tissue that transports food (sugar/photosynthetic products) bidirectionally from leaves to all other parts of the plant; composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and dead phloem fibers, with most cells being living.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of tightly packed epithelial cells arranged in many layers to prevent wear, tear, and mechanical injury to skin surfaces.

Ligament

Extremely elastic, high-strength connective tissue that binds bone to bone.

Tendon

Fibrous, tough connective tissue that binds muscle to bone.

Skeletal / Striated Muscle

Muscular tissue that is cylindrical, long, unbranched, multi-nucleated (many nuclei), displays alternating light/dark bands (striations), and is voluntary (under conscious control).

Smooth / Non-Striated Muscle

Muscular tissue that is spindle-shaped, elongated, single-nucleated (one nucleus), lacks bands/striations, and is involuntary (works automatically).

Cardiac Muscle

Muscular tissue that is cylindrical, branched, single-nucleated, striated, and completely involuntary; found exclusively in heart walls and contracts rhythmically without fatiguing.

Dendrites

Short hair-like extensions of a neuron that receive sensory messages.

Axon

A long single tail filament of a neuron that carries messages forward.

Axon terminals

End structures of a neuron that pass signals to the next neuron.

Budding

An asexual mode of reproduction where a small projection or 'bud' forms out from the parent body, matures, and detaches to form a new individual (found in Yeast and Hydra).

Spore Formation

An asexual mode of reproduction where tiny, airborne, thick-walled reproductive structures develop inside specialized cases called sporangia (found in Rhizopus / common bread mold).

Vegetative Propagation

The production of new daughter plants from non-reproductive plant structures like roots, stems, or leaves.

Bryophyllum

A plant that reproduces naturally through vegetative propagation via plantlets growing along its leaf margins or notches.

Grafting

An artificial vegetative propagation technique that involves joining the stems of two different plants.

Layering

An artificial vegetative propagation technique that involves bending a branch down into the soil to grow roots.

Clones

Offspring produced through vegetative propagation that are completely genetically identical to a single parent, locking in desirable plant traits.

Bisexual Flower

A flower containing both male stamens and female pistils/carpels that is capable of developing into a fruit.

Unisexual Female Flower

A flower containing only pistils/carpels (ovary present) that can develop into a fruit.

Unisexual Male Flower

A flower containing only stamens (no ovary) that cannot develop into a fruit.

Self-Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower belonging to the same plant.

Cross-Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant to the receptive stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same exact species.

Post-Fertilization Ovule

The structure inside the flower that develops a tough coat immediately after fertilization and turns into the seed.

Post-Fertilization Ovary

The floral structure surrounding the ovule that grows rapidly and ripens immediately after fertilization to turn into the fruit.